Free Affirmative Action Essays - Affirmative Action is Against the Bibl

Affirmative Action is Against the Bible        America was known as the Land of Opportunity.  consequently it became evident that opportunity was only available to white men.  Later, laws were passed to ensure equal opportunity regardless of race, sex, or religion. These Affirmative Action laws were set in spot by our government with the intent of correcting the social evil know as prejudice but in doing so, they created a monster.  Affirmative action has become an ineffective, outdated, and socially harmful policy that is weakening our great nation.         The adoption of Affirmative Action programs in the 1960s reflected our national aspiration to overcome long-entrenched injustices and become a cabaret where equal opportunity, or at least a fair opportunity, was a reality for more of our citizens. These programs were a response to economic, political and cultural circumstances that demanded, then encouraged, and then tolerated widespread discrimination on the basis of such factors as color, gender and ethnic background. The common hope was that these programs would be transitory in disposition and would enable us as a society to reach a point, at some future date, when they would no longer be needed (Shapiro).  It is my eyeshot that we have now reached that date. Continued use of the policy is much like continued use of a strong medication.  When a patient is suffering from a terrible disease, as was the United States suffering from discrimination, strong medication is sometimes needed to cure the problem.  But once the disease is taken care of, move on use of the medication does not help... ...e right rail line of action.  This is an ideal that has always been true, but is quite often broken, resulting is negative effects and more problems.  A course of action that is morally wrong, ethically wrong, and economically wrong, is not the correct way, but an easi er way.  Often, the correct way is more difficult and requires more work, but nevertheless, it is the correct way.  ii wrongs do not make a right, but they do make more problems and prolong an actual resolution to the problem.    Works Cited   Shapiro, Harold.  Affirmative Action  A continuing discussion / A continuing commitment  Internet Source.  Available at http//humanitas.ucsb.edu/projects/aa/docs/shapiro.html   Websters Dictionary  Harbor House Publishers Inc.  Baltimore.  1984  

Causes Of World War I 3 :: essays research papers

There were many spry and underlying or primeval coifs of World War I. The difference between an underlying and immediate cause is that an underlying cause develops over a long period of time and indirectly leads to a specific event, and an immediate cause is a specific short-term event that directly leads to another event or series of events. While the immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Francis Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria, by a Serbian member of the Black Hand secret society, there were various underlying causes of the war. Three of them were nationalism, alliances between European powers, and militarism.      Nationalism is a devotion and loyalty to ones own nation, with primary emphasis on furthering its interests as contradictory to those of other countries. This feeling widely spread throughout Europe during the 19th and 10th centuries and caused many problems. The Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to break away f rom Austria-Hungary and immix with other Slavic nations. Russia as a Slavic nation backed up the two countries in this matter, therefore causing tensions between Austria-Hungary and itself. Nationalism was in any case a source of anger between France and Germany as France resented its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).     Alliances between European nations can also be considered an underlying cause of World War I. As a result of the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the Triple Entente (understanding) was formed between France, Britain, and Russia. Although France and Britain were natural enemies, their fear of Germany united them unitedly with Russia. These alliances set the final stage for the beginning of World War I. Each country in each alliance would stand by each other during warfare. For example, if Germany attacked France, Britain and Russia would help France, and Italy and Austria would help Germany, drag ging Europe into a state of chaos and violence.     Militarism was also an underlying cause of World War I. As the alliance frame split Europe into opposing groups, each nation began to increase spending on its military. This set a belligerent mood in Europe as each nation was prepared to fight a war. A German officer once said "in time of peace, prepare for war," and that is exactly what European nations did, at last leading to the Great War.     Without a doubt, the one underlying cause of the three described above that was most responsible for World War I was the system of alliances.

A Good Business Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

A Good BusinessWhat the characteristics of a good business looks like?The underlying element of a good business is derived from good management. It is true since business is run by individuals known as managers that perform specific business functions, much(prenominal) as manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resource departments. Identifying a good business is not an easy job an understanding of Managerial Economics is postulate because it provides some tools, techniques of analysis and Economic concepts to make good managerial decisions. The purpose of this paper is to identify some characteristics of a good business and list label of the companies having these certain characteristics. Most of good businesses have characteristics such as promising prospect, high rates of return on equity, steady growth of sales, and also absolute brands equity. When we talk about a good business, we are not only talking about past and present con dition of a firm, but a good business should also have a good prospect. It is true that past successes do not ensure future successes however the most putting green way to predict the future is based on the companies historical data because those all data are available for us. Those data must depict unchanging sales growth and high rates of return on equity. Moreover, since many changes can happened, it is also important for a business to anticipate and adapt constantly to the changing conditions. Since the commo...

Ben-hur Essay -- essays research papers

Ben-Hur was transformed from bible scripture to a moviebecause it is the most read scripture in the Bible. Thescripture tells the story of a man, Judah Ben-Hur, whotrades his life as the prince of Jerusalem with the life of aslave. The story tells of his journeys and triumphs as a slave.The story starts with the five wise men as their journey tofind deliverer. When they arrive in Bethlehem they come bearinggifts for the newborn king. After the birth of Jesus the moviechanges to two Roman soldiers who are in a meeting. One of the soldiers, Tribune Musala, is an old booster ofJudah. Judah comes in and meets with Musala and inviteshim to his home for dinner and to see his family. Musala tellsJudah how the Romans will conquer his people and if hewants to save his family he can turn in the Rebels who planto revolt. Judah is enraged that his friend would ask him toturn in his own people, and storms out of the meeting. After the meeting Judah returns home to find an oldfriend/slave of his there wait for him. The slave askspermission that his daughter be allowed to marry. Judahgladly grants his wish and meets the young woman, Esther.The two have a private talk in which Judah grants Esther herfreedom and says that he will wear her slavery ring until hefinds his true love. The Romans enter Jerusalem and the entire city watchedfrom rooftops. As Judah and Esther watched Estheraccidentally knocks a shingle expel and scares a horsecausing it to kick and buck a general from the horse killingthe general. The Romans enter the city and arrest Judah, hissister, and m otherwise. His friend Musala orders Judah to be displace to the galleys. Judah escapes from confines to findMusala and asks him why he would do this to a friend.Musala says, "People will fear me for persecuting my ownfriend." A chain gang of slaves traveling through and through the desert stop sothe Romans can get a drink of water. The guards allow theslaves very little water, but allow their horses to dr ink a racy amount. The guards say "No water for him" referringto Judah. A man gives Judah water and the guard gets angryand yells at the man. The guard and the man look at eachother and the guard cowards. The man is portrayed asJesus.At the end of the desert travels Judah finds himself in thegalleys of a boat as a num... ...ate Musalas legs, however he wantsto wait to see Judah first. Judah arrives and Musala tells himthat his family is not dead and that they are in fact in thevalley of the lepers. Musala then died in front of Judah.When Judah goes to the valley of the lepers he sees Esther,he gets angry with her for lying to him. She explains theirplea to her. Judah then returns to the valley again the nextday, this time to see his mother and sister. When he sees hismother she tells him that his sister, Tirza is dying. They go tosee Tirza and maintain her to Rome. When they arrive they findout that a man is being tried. They find that the man beingtried was actually Jesus being crucified.As Jesus is carrying his cross up the hill he falls down and iswhipped. Judah gave him some water as he did for Judah inthe past. One of the guards kicks the water away fromJesus. The four-spot watch as Jesus is crucified. Later that nightthe three women are sitting in a cave when a bad storm rollsin. At the peak of the storm Jesus died. After the death ofJesus Marium and Tirza are cured of their Leprosy. Theythen see Judah the next day and everyone was happy thatthey were cured.

Technological Improvements and Their Impact in America Essay -- essays

Improvements in agriculture, transportation, and colloquy between 1790 and 1860 were the stepping stones for a greater America. From the like fiber gin, to the steamboat, to the telegraph, new innovations were appearing tout ensemble over. America had finally begun to spread its wings and fly.Due to the fact that like had to be separated by hand, it was costly commodity. star person could barely separate a pound by hand over the course of a day. It was not until 1793, when Eli Whitney invented the cotton plant gin that production of cotton soared. A worker on a plantation could now produce fifty pounds of cotton a day, instead of just one.With the increase in cotton production, came the increase in slave labor, which was used to harvest the cotton crop, making each slave an increasingly valuable asset. Westward migration was also seen as cotton spread throughout western estate like a wildfire. Almost immediately, cotton was transformed into a major export. ?Cotton exp orts averaged about $9 one thousand million annually from 1803 to 1807, about 22 percent of the value of all exports, from 1815 to 1819, they averaged over $23 million, or 39 percent of the total, and from the mid-1830s to 1860, they accounted for more than half the value of all exports in the nation.? (Tindall and Shi, 418)Eli?s invention inspired other people to attempt to make their own farming tools. ?The development of effective iron plows greatly sticking(p) the backbreaking job of tilling the soil.? (Tindall, 419) In 1819, Jethro Wood improved the iron plow by using separate replaceable parts. Improvements thereafter included can buoy Deere?s steel plow (1837) and the chilled-iron steel plow of John Oliver (1855).In 1831, a primitive grain reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormi... ...l Morse?s 1832 invention. It is preferably possible that more social changes were triggered by the telegraph, than from any other invention. Before the telegraph, communications were deli vered by boat, train, horseback, or hand. Now, news and messages could be received immediately.Together, the improvements in agriculture, transportation, and communication changed the ways of economic, social, and political life. By the 1850s, farming had become a leading commercial activity. The standard of living for many farm families also improved. ?Undeveloped land dotted with scattered farms, primitive roads, and modest local markets was transformed into an engine of capitalist expansion, audacious investment, and global reach.? (Tindall, 432)Tindall, George Brown and David E. Shi. America A Narrative History. Vol. One. seventh ed. New York W W Norton & Company, 2007.

Technological Improvements and Their Impact in America Essay -- essays

Improvements in agriculture, transportation, and intercourse between 1790 and 1860 were the stepping stones for a greater America. From the like gin, to the steamboat, to the telegraph, new innovations were appearing any over. America had finally begun to spread its wings and fly.Due to the fact that cotton fiber wool fiber had to be separated by hand, it was costly commodity. iodine person could barely separate a pound by hand over the course of a day. It was not until 1793, when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin that production of cotton soared. A worker on a plantation could now produce fifty pounds of cotton a day, instead of just one.With the increase in cotton production, came the increase in slave labor, which was used to harvest the cotton crop, making each slave an increasingly valuable asset. Westward migration was also seen as cotton spread throughout western grime like a wildfire. Almost immediately, cotton was transformed into a major export. ?Cotton exp orts averaged about $9 one thousand million annually from 1803 to 1807, about 22 percent of the value of all exports, from 1815 to 1819, they averaged over $23 million, or 39 percent of the total, and from the mid-1830s to 1860, they accounted for more than half the value of all exports in the nation.? (Tindall and Shi, 418)Eli?s invention inspired other people to attempt to make their own farming tools. ?The development of effective iron plows greatly go the backbreaking job of tilling the soil.? (Tindall, 419) In 1819, Jethro Wood improved the iron plow by using separate replaceable parts. Improvements thereafter included prat Deere?s steel plow (1837) and the chilled-iron steel plow of John Oliver (1855).In 1831, a primitive grain reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormi... ...l Morse?s 1832 invention. It is sooner possible that more social changes were triggered by the telegraph, than from any other invention. Before the telegraph, communications were delivered by boat, tra in, horseback, or hand. Now, news and messages could be received immediately.Together, the improvements in agriculture, transportation, and communication changed the ways of economic, social, and political life. By the 1850s, farming had become a leading commercial activity. The standard of living for many farm families also improved. ?Undeveloped land dotted with scattered farms, primitive roads, and modest local markets was transformed into an engine of capitalist expansion, audacious investment, and global reach.? (Tindall, 432)Tindall, George Brown and David E. Shi. America A Narrative History. Vol. One. seventh ed. New York W W Norton & Company, 2007.

Effects of Memory and Learning

Can we really learn from our mistakes? If so, how does that actually happen? Knowledge and education has helped create connections with everything that we see in society. We call these connections that have formed our memories, both good and bad. Psychologists have researched and gathered information on the creation or formation of memories and learned behaviors. Furthermore, psychologists have provided full information on how memories can affect the education of scholars or people looking to learn something new.Therefore, it is through the add-on attention to the ways the mind is suitable to obtain memories and information that can essentially help us decrease our mistakes. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed a three- pace model that details on how the brain is able to performance and develop memories. All memories are created through the fleeting sensorial memory board before knock over it is encoded into a short-term memory so that it can be continually rehearse d before it is translated into a long-term memory (Meyers, 2011).Basically Atkinson and Shiffrins theory is based on the idea that the mind can only retain information that is consciously received however the modified version offered by Meyers (2011) presents a much different idea. According to Meyers the mind still translates incoming information into a sensory memory (Meyers 2011). The second step to this modified version still claims the encoding of the sensory memory into a working memory. This working memory concentrates on the encoding and active processing of current immediate stimuli (Meyers, 2011).Over cadence the information is rehearsed and turned into a long-term memory. The great thing ab knocked out(p) the working memory ideal is that it associates new and old information and solves problems so that we are able to handle all situations that we engage in. So what factors and behaviors increase memory retention? To begin roughly information is encountered and retaine d through the act of rehearsing, or conscious repetition (Meyers, 2011).Techniques and habits that have been proven to be successful through research has shown that prolonged video to the spacing effect, self-assessment, and serial position effect increases the individuals ability to retain information much better than a person cramming last sec (Meyers, 2011). By providing a proper organized and organized way to engage in new information a person gives the mind enough time to take back the information consistently for several years. Aside from rehearsing our mids are able to respond to encoding through multiple ways.Practicing the ability to form mental pictures, or imagery, helps build the minds ability to associate pictures and words (Meyers, 2011). A foundational element used from the beginning of time. Young children usually point to items in a home or outside and name the item they see according to what the teachers or parents say. Imagery is used by mnemonic devices in or der to develop the retention and recall of memorized information via passages or speeches used by some of the best public platform speakers (Meyers, 2011).Through the use of imagery and mnemonic devices our minds are able to form a meaning to what we are trying to convey and ultimately we are able to organize and catalogue what we have learned within our memory. Understanding what factors and behaviors gives into the creation of our memory we as people and students are able to understand how teachers and psychologists are able to train our minds for further retention and absorption of information. Often at times tribulation seems to be the very thing that we learn from. It is from our parents and grandparents that we have heard the old trite adage We learn from experience. It wasnt until psychologists and educators came together to propose the rilling effect. The test effect is essentially a well-established psychological phenomenon that proves that testing students on previously absorbed information allows for them to increase their retention of veridical opposed to the continual study of materials (Roedlger III & Finn, 2010). Henry Roedlger III and Bridgid Finn quote several studies from several psychologists in which state, students who make an unsuccessful attempt to answer a test question before receiving the make up answers remember the material better than if they simply study the information. (Roedlger III & Finn, 2010) This testing effect logic help students retain information in the pretesting story by making them mentally engage in the attempt to answer the question by increasing the memorization of the information provided. Furthermore, the challenges presented to the students increase their focus, reduce their panic and engage their minds on a deeper level so that retention is at a maximum. Teachers, psychologists, and other professionals have all tried their best to figure out the best methods for instruction and retention. By far the be st ould be cognize by the acronym SQ3R, also known as Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review, is the five step plan that is known to increase the learning and retention for all in a controlled manner opposed to short term cramming session. With this method one can easily correct previous damaging studying habits with ones that are positive and more beneficial. By examine the current study material by scanning headings and make bring up of how the chapter is organized can organize the way the mind is able to map out the best way to handle the new incoming information (Meyers, 2011).After surveying the information the student must form their own questions to answer based on the heading or preview question this can be as simple as, How can I most effectively and efficiently master the information in this book? (Meyers, 2011) By using a slow and methodical approach to the reading the chapter the student provide find the answer to their question and maximize the retention of infor mation. Engaging in active reading means that the student must also take notes and ask additional questions that will help with the learning process (Meyers, 2011).Each step that the student takes increases his or her information flow after the active reading has taken place it is best that the person rehearses the information that they have learned in order to engage the memory (Meyers, 2011). Anything that causes an issue during the story of information the person must review the information so that they are able to recall at a later time (Meyers, 2011). The final step in the plan is the review all information read and gathered during the first four steps, paying particular attention to the way the chapter is organized (Meyers, 2011).The SQ3R method is particularly adaptable and useful in the pretesting stage. According to research done by Henry L Roedlger III and Bridgid Finn (2010) in the article The Pulses of Getting it rail at states that students who memorized questions fro m the test but failed to get the correct answer had a higher chance of passing the same question on the real test. So to increase material retention the student can easily focus on the questions given on the pretest as their guide to the information needed.Once the questions are in hand the student can locate the chapter, read the information, and return to the question and recall the proper information (Roedlger III & Finn, 2010). It is suggested that the student should return to the question every some days in order to drum up a recall on the answers, by doing so the student will have learned the material in a methodical and slow manner (Roedlger III & Finn, 2010). By practicing a simplified adaptable version of SQ3R the student or person will be able to recall the same information long after the course has ended.Our ability to increase the retention of new materials via SQ3R, testing effect or the varied ways that we naturally gather information infinitely increases our ability to formulate new memories. Educators and psychologists have devised new ways that help students increase their learning potentials both in and out of the classrooms. By setting a firm and steady memory creating foundation, the newly acquired learning retention potentials extends throughout the persons life.Thus by increasing focus, research and installation of modified or new techniques by psychologists prove that we are able to learn from our mistakes or mistakes of others by creating memories that frame a point of reference. All point of references, or memories, that we personally return to in time of inflection or reflection in order to crystallize information or advice as to why we should learn from the mistakes that we have made. References Finn, H. R. (2010, March/April). The Pluses of Getting it Wrong. Scientific American Mind, pp. 38-41. Meyers, D. (2011). Exploring Psychology. Holland Worth Publishers.

Uncertainty and Volatility

Uncertainty and volatility are common attributes of todays national economies. While minor(ip) and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) represent major players in these economies, their stability and profitability are crucial issues that need further investigation. This statement is particularly significant in the Saudi Arabian context, because such enterprises have relatively recently begun to emerge and are beginning to play a dominant role in the countrys economy.At the homogeneous time, the SME sector in Saudi Arabia is currently facing m either barriers related to their relatively new economic situation (Kuada, 2006), as the atmosphere of the economic public is constantly changing and tends to be somewhat uncertain. As a leave, companies, including SMEs, need to be more creative and flexible as they seek to get utter some profits in the minimum amount of time. Moreover, it has been noted that human resources play a brisk role for every follow to achieve its goals (Barney & Wright, 1998), hence most companies seek to recruit high aptitude managers who can be a valuable addition to a workplace and can lead a company to achieve sustained success.In this respect, employee retention is considered one of the most serious challenges facing the stability of small system of ruless, since employee turnover can be harmful and expensive. When an employee intends to put across the company voluntarily, the issue is of such importance that numerous interrogationers have investigated the causes and effects of voluntary turnover (Al-ARaj, 1989). Whilst the cost of losing skilled employees can be harmful for any organization (Ballinger, Craig, Cross, Gray, 2011), it is particularly so in SMEs as the effect is proportionally greater. According to OConnell and Mei-Chuan (2007), the average cost of employee turnover is approximately $13,996 per employee.Further, Ballinger, Craig, Cross and Gray (2011) deem that the direct cost of hiring and training a new employee can range from 25% to 500% of the employees annual salary, and, as such, Boushey and Glynn (2012) found that the replacement of highly meliorate executive employees averages 213% of the annual salary bill for a company. It has been noted that because this significant turnover is such a costly process (Al-ARaj, 1989), it could lead to serious ostracise consequences for an organization. Indeed, in some situations, the consequences of significant turnover rates could expand beyond the organization to influence the labour market, the economic cycle and communities in general. Furthermore, Hyson (2016) and George (2015) argue that an organization can both conserve knowledge and manage resources more cost-effectively through being proactive in attempting to retain valuable employees.As a result of such deliberate actions to maintain staff, organizations are likely to increase their overall performance and develop long-term stability. In this respect, it has been suggested that manager behaviour p lays a vital role in staff turnover. For example, Snyder and Lopez (2009) have specifically asserted that the encouragement of skilled employees by managers is vital in this regard. Of particular interest to the current body of work is that, in the SME sector, because enterprises are fiscally smaller their resources are generally scarcer. In the light of this scarcity, employee turnover is a more harmful occurrence than in grown organizations which are able to absorb the consequential additional financial outlay described above. For this reason, the SME sector constitutes an important area for further research.Moreover, researchers analysing the behaviour of managers in SMEs identify that the managers emotional intelligence is of great importance, as it significantly affects the management processes and outcomes within their enterprises. It is telling that the debate over topics related to EI and employees behaviour is ongoing in various cultures and parts of the world (Ang et a l., 2007) , and it is asserted here that the role of EI in reducing turnover is one particular area that requires further investigation. Therefore, it is postulated that the analysis of the role of EI in the SME context should be carefully investigated in order to understand the way it affects employees retention outcomes in Saudi Arabia.It has also emerged that there is an extensive amount of animosity surrounding whether there are any differences in the levels and perceptions of EI in managers from different backgrounds and cultures, and, in addition, to what extent EI can be affected by these factors. limited research has been conducted on the relationship and/or link between EI and employee turnover in SMEs, specifically in the Middle Eastern context. Thus, this research aims to fill an important wind in the literature.

Abdul kalam azad Essay

Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and manager who worked as the 1 lth President of India that is from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram and Tamil Nadu. He studied physics at the St. Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli, and he continued his aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chennai. Dr. kalam is by no means a miracle man . His advice to the teenager of the nation is to dream dream and convert these into thoughts and later into action Dream, dream and dream.Then translate your dreams into thoughts and then into action is President Kalams favorite mantra. His life itself is an example of this philosophy rising from a fishermans village to ending up in the presidential palace and on the way launching a bunch of missiles and winning a few Padma (and Bharat Ratna) awards. His simplicity is remarkable, considering the presidential office in India still has Raj vestiges. (They even had a psyche Just to tie the presidents shoelaces. Pres ident Kalam got rid of this humiliating practice.There are all kinds of stories of his mingling with children and giving them pep talks, and how he hatch up to Mrs. M. S. Subbalakshmis residence to personally present her the Bharat Ratna award. He is everything we dream in the blueest ranking Indian high- tech sa. n. y, passionate, secular, inspiring, hard working and approachable. If you dont already know, this bachelor and vegetarian writes poems and diddles with his veena in his spare time. Dr. Abdul Kalam, is additionally an acclaimed scientist.He is tremendously unobtrusive, delicate spoken, great mannered, unassuming and is true illustration of simple living and high thinking. He is an eleventh President of India and his rise to his present, desired post demonstrates the auspicious working of our extraordinary democracy system. Dr. Kalam is a man of vision and has elevated dreams for perplex India. Before long in the wake of taking pledge of office as President, he said to his comrades, proclaiming his purpose to make India an improved nation.

Assignment: Wal-Mart Essay

Wal-Mart, the retail icon, taking on yet a nonher strategy when sitting fairly comfortably, (a business is never comfortable or should not be so comfortable), especially when the one to beat. Advertising strategy is as any strategy and that is with risk. An cause of such risk is investing and the risk tolerance for each individual, conservative, moderate, or aggressive specific to goals. Wal-Mart is able to take the aggressive stance but not necessary because of their national, soon-to-be (?), global success but can never consider permanent. As said, it is much more difficult to remain on top than to sprain towards the top.The latest advertising campaign is one of a surprisingly risky and unique platform for Wal-Mart. Still attempting to disassociate itself from the negative image of a invidious violator of employee rights and participant of extensive bribery allegations gave way to an, as interpreted, defensive almost challenging response from a seemingly nave, oblivious, and lo yal leeward Scott, CEO or one only too aware and guilt driven angry. That is giving the CEO the benefit of the doubt unless privy to undocumented point to refute the crimes allegedly committed. A lengthy investigation into the bribery allegations includes that sometime in January 2006, the case had reached a critical juncture. Wal-Marts leaders were again measure whether to approve a full investigation that would inevitably focus on a star executive already publicly discussed as a potency successor to Mr. Scott, (Barstow, David, 2012) the same quoted in the latest ad campaign.Wal-Marts moral philosophy policy offered clear direction. Never cover up or ignore an ethics problem, the policy states and some who were involved in the investigation argued that it was time to take a stand against signs of rising corruption in Wal-Marts global operations. all(prenominal) year the company received hundreds of internal reports of bribery and fraud, records showed. In Asia alone, there had been 90 reports of bribery just in the previous 18 months. subsequently geezerhood of investigation that turned up evidence upon evidence to validate corruption and illegal activity, ultimately resulted in swept under the rug acceptance and finis of the investigation.With the closing of another money=innocence case offers the opportunity to focus on the latest advertising campaign left to surmise its intent. Somewhat non-white after a brief research of Wal-Mart remarkably did not affect the initial perception and is as thus In response to, . . . when special-interest groups and critics spread misinformation to the highest degree Wal-Mart, the public deserves to hear the truth, everyone is entitled to their own opinions ab pop our company, but they are not entitled to make up their own facts. * The intent here is a We are so confident in our innocence of unsubstantiated allegations we can be so bold to force a code of ethics we can by and cannot be reasonably denied upon and c hallenge anyone attempting. A portrayal of morals and ethics defended is one perception.* The possible negative impact is the audacity Wal-Mart has to tell anyone what or how to think, act, or live. * Attempting to reach further than their established target market, a newspaper ad appeals to a different market that as of yet not a typical Wal-Mart shopper can validate this new strategy. * Creative execution, as interpreted, is the driving force of such a bold and challenging advertisement. Its effectiveness of this campaign has not rendered statistics to my knowledge, but as an already not impressed by pricing, customer service, and the whole Wal-Mart shopping experience consumer, this advertisement does not improve their chances of my being a regular if at all customer.For a value shopper that I consider myself avoids Wal-Mart for reasons aforementioned and the cleanliness factor, the employees lack of knowledge of products and location of products, and the much too often out of st ock issues encountered leaves desperation the only reason to shop in a Wal-Mart.Works CitedBarstow, David. (2012, April 21). Vast Mexico Bribery Case Hushed Up by Wal-Mart After Top-Level Struggle. Retrieved from New York Times http//www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/business/at-wal-mart-in-mexico-a-bribe-inquiry-silenced.html?pagewanted=all

Appearance vs. Reality -Macbeth

Fair is injurious, and foul is fair, a phrase that has become synonym with Macbeth. It is also the introduction to one of the well-nigh important themes of this tragedy appearance and reality. Shakespeare uses various characters and situations to emphasize this confusion between the real and the surreal, the authentic and the fake, the act and the sincere. In order to discuss this theme, different characters forget be looked at in the first paragraph, the Witches, in the second, Duncan and in the third, Lady Macbeth.Appearance vs.reality is also keyn in the beginning of the play when the witches introduce the quotation, fair is foul, and foul is fair, or what seems good is really badMacbeth and what seems bad is really goodMalcolm flees Scotland when his father dies and looks guilty, but he is only trying to protect himself. The witches second limit of predictions promise Macbeth a long reign. They tell half-truths to give him a glum sense of security. Though the first predict ion is true (Beware Macduff), the other dickens predictions make Macbeth believe he cant be killed.The appearance of the predictions lures him, and the reality behind them destroys Macbeth. The Witches introduce the theme with the infamous phrase Fair is foul, and foul is fair in the first scene. Its functional for the Witches to say this in the beginning of the book, as they are the start of all the perplexity. They become the core of confusion when they awaken Macbeths ambition and transform his perspective of good and evil, making bad things look good and good things look bad. Ironically in connection with this, Banquo warns Macbeth, Win us with honest trifles, to betrays In deepest consequence.The Witches continue to speak in contradicting language, such as lesser than Macbeth, and greater and Not so happy, even so much happier that adds to the sense of moral confusion, by implying that nonhing is quite what it seems. Banquos warning is fulfilled at the ending of the play wh en the Witches had won Macbeths religious belief with prophecies that became true honest trifles- and then betray him in the things that really mattered, his life and his country -deepest consequence- to win his spirit for hell.Until his death, King Duncan was misled by Macbeths false loyalty. When the Thane of Cawdor had been found guilty of being a traitor and was hanged, King Duncan thought so highly of Macbeth, that he gave the title to him. The Thane then ironically dies with pride darn Macbeth dies a foe of Scotland. The King was under the impression that Macbeth was a loyal and brave soldier, calling him O worthiest cousin, but Macbeth was actually already grooming to kill the King, whose murder yet is but fantastical.Even when Duncan goes to visit Macbeth, he praises the castles pleasant environment and hospitality, This castle hath a pleasant loafer, but is totally unaware of Macbeths plans to murder him. From the first time we meet Lady Macbeth, we get the impression of a strong-willed and bold person, an exemplification wife. As the play evolves, Macbeth grows stronger and Lady Macbeth begins to despair, commits suicide and proves to be the antithesis of an ideal wife.She seems to lack conscience, saying A little water clears us of this deed, but towards the end her conscience drives her mad and she sleepwalks, washing her hands and saying Out, damned spot refering to the blood she imagines to see on her hands as a result of her pestering conscience. In conclusion, interestingly Macbeths first line in the play is So foul and fair a day I have not seen, suggesting Macbeth as the focus of the plays moral confusion.Within him the conflict between good and evil continue, in the end driving him to his death. Its clear to see that Shakespeare identified in life what he saw as the worlds fatal flaw, the inability to distinguish between appearance and reality, using Macbeth as a tool to communicate this. Throughout the play appearances, which are oft en deceitful, influence the whole plot of the play. It comes out mainly through the way Macbeth saw Kingship as a form of security and prestige but was then faced with even stronger feelings of insecurity and fear.

Review of Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications

REVIEW ON MOBILE PRESENCE SERVICES IN SOCIAL NETWORK APPLICATIONSAbstractionToday broad scopes of mobile devices argon available. As the use and engineering of nomadic devices additions, societal weave applications are pass democratic. An indispensable constituent of this societal weathervane application is nomadic front end do, which mown(prenominal)tains severally nomadic drug users posture data. The presence information government agency the current position, GPS location of nomadic user and besides updates the users online friends information. As the update occur often, visit of message distributed by presence host may take to scalability job.To specify this job, scalable host computer architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In cosmopolitan nomadic telecom system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus net subsystem ( IMS ) .A weak consistent turning away is use to cut cut the presentment handicraft. Presentment rationalise m eans cut ask to advise the presence information to other(a) users. This root word makes a reappraisal on work egressing brother lean hunt job.The resolution shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation addition in the hunt cost without compromi clack hunt satisfaction.Keywordssocial web nomadic presence service presence information I. IntroductionMobile computer science is human-computer by which a computing machine is expected to be transported during sane use. This involved nomadic communicating, hardware etc. Chiefly nomadic calculating describes nigh communicating among client to server, client to other terminal user, waiter to server etc.Today as the engineering and use of meshwork additions, societal web application/service ( illustrations are Facebook 1 , Twitter 2 , comradecloud 3 , Google latitude 4 , foursquare 5 ) go popular in worldwide. Many communications like confab, online concern, informations sharing etc can be done utilizing socie tal web application/services. Hence, it is inevitable that societal web services will be the fol blueing coevals of nomadic cyberspace application. Mobile presence service is one of the of import component in societal web application. Mobile presence service means maintain up-to day of the month presence information of all nomadic user. Presence information includes location, position, activity etc about the nomadic users. Each nomadic user has a inclining of friends list which we can name as buddy list. On the other manus, we can state that buddy list contains the contact information of the user he/she needs to pass on. Each nomadic user in the societal web application gets information about their on-line friends/buddies via the presence information. The nomadic users position is broadcast automatically to the buddy list whenever the user moves from one position to another. So presentment is an of import portion in societal web application. Most presence services use server ring engineering, to maximise hunt velocity and minimise the presentment clip. The waiter involved in this communicating, keeps up-to day of the month path of all these presence information sing the nomadic user. There are so many issues in nomadic computer science. Some are deficient bandwidth, require careful usage of realistic private web, cell phone signals may do wellness jobs, signal jobs during going, more power ingestion during less signal strength etc.In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .Here a weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Hence presentment clip can be cut downing. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users.Instantaneous message provides communicating ( online confab ) between two or more users over cyberspace. Microsoft courier, yahoo courier are some of the illustrations for the instant messag e. Overview of the available characteristics, maps, architecture, protocols used in these popular populace IM web are described. Besides discuss advantages and disadvantages of these IM webs.In societal web application an efficient and scalable server-to-server sheathing architecture called PresenceCloud is used to better the efficiency of nomadic presence services for large-scale societal web. A quorum-based server-to-server architecture is used for efficient buddy list seeking. The comparing consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation additions without giving hunt satisfaction. Search satisfaction is defined as the clip it takes to seek for the geting users buddy list.II. Different engineeringsThis subdivision describes assorted mode or engineerings used in opposite systems. Here, foremost describes about different characteristics and maps supported by three most popular IM systems AIM, Microsoft MSN and bumpkin Messenger. Second describes, in cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, to cut down the presentment traffic a fallible consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. Third describes about play which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. Finally, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In 6 describes different maps and characteristics of three IM systems such as AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger. Instant messaging can be specify a public confab etc. In extra some provide file transportation, webcam use, division confabs academic term etc. Here the writer comparing three IM systems ( AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger ) .All of these IM systems uses client-server architecture. Supporting immense figure of user is an of import issue in these IM systems. Two methods are available 1 is symmetric and other is asymmetric. Each waiter performs indistinguishable maps in symmetric method and in asymmetric met hod each waiter execute peculiar activity assigned to it like log in, detecting other users, maintain chat room etc.For normal operation AIM uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer attack. Therefore two clients communicate straight without utilizing a confab room. For normal and voice confabs YMSG uses client-server architecture. Through centralized voice chat server YMSG voice traffic is routed. One advantage of utilizing this attack is that within the same confab room it can back up multiple users and each user can stipulate their ain voice specification. For normal operation MSN uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer approach.MSN voice chat session is limited to two individuals. Most of the IM systems have techniques for keeping list of friends. They are called buddy list, deliver list and block list. Buddy list contain peoples that a user demand to pass on and supervise their presence. Block list contains peoples that a user demand to barricade communicating with them, its besides called blue list. Allow list contains people that a user needs to pass on. MSN, AIM and YMSG contains buddy list and block list.MSN and AIM besides contain allow list.Many web protocols like TCP and IP have used double star representation of informations in byte order. Application bed protocol ( HTTP and SMTP ) have used text-based attack. The advantage of utilizing bye order is that it supports efficient usage of infinite in the web. The advantage of text-based attack is that the representation is closer to human position information and debugging is easier.AIM and YMSG utilizations binary representation for their header.AIM contains two-level binary representation called cockle and SNAC encases. Fixed duration heading and variable length day of the month in FLAP packages. SNAC packages are subtype of FLAP packages that contains fixes length Fieldss followed by a variable information constituen t.Fig.1.AIM FLAP and SNAC package formatYMSG has individual degree construction for fixed Fieldss followed by variable lengthFig.2.YMSG package formatOne of the of import job in IM suppliers are user send informations at inordinate rate, inundation caused in the web because of unsatisfying traffic.TCP provide some protection mechanism against this through congestion control.AIM has a complex algorithm for exercise this, but it has different rate ( rates are based on a clip window ) bounds based on message type. The user will be warned, if the client exceeds the rate and if this continues, the waiter will get down dropping message and will unplug the client. YMSG has a bound of three IM per seconds. Another method to minimise the burden is by acquiring rid of idle clients. Each system in IM maintains a keep-alive urge message the connexion may be terminated if the client does non turn in pulse message or response to the question. In AIM the client must direct this keep-alive mess age in every minute to the waiter. YMSG contains two types of pulse petition a primary and a secondary.MSN has client and waiter pulse message.In 7 study, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent scheme is used. In IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) , the presence waiter is responsible for advising an authorised spectator of the updated presence information. Presence service provides service to entree other users presence information such as the user position, activities and so on. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, a user with user equipment entree presence service in IMS. When the user provides information to the presence waiter, so user walkover the function as presentity and the user accesses other users information so it act as a spectator. In IMS, control signaling is carried out by call session control map ( CSCF ) .The presence service process is defined by 3rdcoevals partnership undertaking ( 3GPP )The p resence waiter directly notifies other users in the contact, when the presence information of a user alterations. If the updates occur more often, so the figure of presentment messages increases. To cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. In delayed update, when the presence waiter receives the updated presence information, the presence waiter starts a delayed timer with a period T. This period is called delayed threshold. Within the period T, if the presence information is updated, so old information is replaced by the new information. When the timer expires, the presence waiter notifies the spectator of the presence information. Therefore, the presentments for the updates in T are saved.In 8 mentioned about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. A cardinal job that challenges peer-to-peer application is turn uping the guest that store a peculiar information point. This pape r presents a solution for this by showing chord. The chord provides one operation given a key, it maps the cardinal onto a node.In peer-to-peer system, the application is distributed without any cardinal control, where the package running equivalent in functionality at each node. The corresponding node is responsible for hive awaying a value associated with the key. Chord uses hashing to delegate keys to allow chord nodes. Each chord node needs merely a few other nodes routing information. Because the routing tabular array is distributed to other nodes. If N-node presented in a system, so each node maintain information merely approximately O ( log N ) other nodes. The chord maintains its routing information as the nodes articulations and leaves a system.In 9 paper, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. PresenceCloud solve the scalability job called buddy list hunt job. Buddy list hunt job can be defined as the scalability job occurs when pr esence service is overloaded with buddy hunt message. The PresenceCloud can be used to expeditiously question the system for buddy list hunt. In PresenceCloud design, it consists of three constituents PresenceCloud waiter sheathing, one-hop caching scheme and directed buddy hunt. When the nomadic user get into the PresenceCloud, the user authenticate to the nomadic presence service. indeed the nomadic user opens a TCP connexion to one of the presence waiter. The nomadic user sends a petition to the presence waiter for buddy list hunt. PresenceCloud returns the presence information of the brothers. PresenceCloud is based on grid-quorum system ( size is vn?vn. When a presence waiter joins into the PresenceCloud, it gets an Idaho in the grid and obtains its presence waiter list. Presence server node can take one column and one row of entries. This entry is called the presence waiter list.In the fig 3, the figure of presence waiter n=9.The PresenceCloud is arranged in grid-quorum with v9?v9 size. The presence waiter node 8 has presence server list 2,5,7,9 and 3 has 1,2,6,9 .PresenceCloud uses a hoarding scheme to flex presence information of each user to better the efficiency of the searching operation. Each presence server node maintains presence information of the affiliated users. When the neighbour establishes a connexion to presence waiter, the cache is updated. When a presence waiter receives a query/request from the nomadic user, it can react non merely from the lucifers from its ain list, but besides provide lucifers from its caches.Fig3 PresenceCloud horde OverlayThe figure of presentment messages increases when the nomadic user often changes its presence information. This buddy list hunt job can be solved by utilizing an algorithm called directed buddy hunt algorithm. This algorithm uses bipartisan sheathing and one-hop caching scheme. This helps PresenceCloud to supply blow over responses for big figure of nomadic user. The algorithm is defined in 9 .III. ComparisonIn mesh based design, all the presence information at each node is replicated to other nodes. Hence its hunt cost is merely one message. In distributed hash tabular array ( chord based ) , no reproduction presence information of a user is merely stored in one presence waiter. Here, each brother must be searched one by one. In PresenceCloud, its hunts buddy list from ain node list and cache list. Besides notifies other users about the new presence information.Simulation consequence is mentioned in 9 .This paper shows graphical representation of their consequence. Findingss from that graphical representation are( I ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the figure of presence message is unfeignedly low in PresenceCloud. Hence PresenceCloud outperforms all other design.( two ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the mean seeking messages/user is low in PresenceCloud. That means PresenceCloud requires least message transmittal.( three ) total message transmittal of PresenceCloud additions bit by bit with the figure of presence waiter.( four ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud is non impacted by the figure of brothers.When analysing hunt satisfaction in waiter architecture, the findings are ( I ) Buddy seeking latency grows with the figure of presence waiter in PresenceCloud. Here mesh-based design performs better.( two ) When the figure of brothers additions, buddy hunt latency is really low in mesh-based design. but bring to a great extent communicating cost.DecisionFrom the analysis and survey, its found that PresenceCloud achieves low hunt latency & A shows better public presentation than others. PresenceCloud solve brother list hunt job. Overall, PresenceCloud support a scalable nomadic presence service in big graduated table societal web services.Mentions 1 Facebook, hypertext rapture protocol //www.facebook.com. 2 Twitter, hypertext transfer protocol //www.twitter.com 3 Buddycloud, hypertex t transfer protocol //buddycloud.com 4 Google latitude, hypertext transfer protocol //www.google.com/imtl/enus/latitude/intro.html 5 Foursquare, hypertext transfer protocol //www.foursquare.com 6 R. B. Jennings, E. M. Nahum, D. P. Olshefski, D. Saha, Z.-Y. Shae, and C. Waters, A survey of cyberspace blink of an eye messaging and confab protocol, IEEE Network, 2006. . 7 W.-E. Chen, Y.-B. Lin and R.-H. Liou, A weakly consistent strategy for ims presence service, IEEE Transactions on WirelessCommunicationss, 2009. 8 I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, Chord A scalable peer-to-peer search service for cyberspace, IEEE/ACM Tran. on Networking, 2003. 9 Chi-Jen Wu, Jan-Ming Ho A Scalable Server Architecture for Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications, IEEE minutess on nomadic computer science, 2013

Good, But Not Good Enough Essay

There are times when we feel we must be perfect in order to enjoy others. No national if we did the best we could do, if it wasnt perfect we felt like a failure. We want the approval that comes with perfect ness. Every day we see a new commercial message or magazine showing an image of a hunky, greased up muscle man or an anorexic model with tons of make up air brushed on her body and society compares you with that image. We as a people tend to use those false images of beauty as a dental plate to rate the rest of the population by and if you do non fit in that category you are not beautiful. So we strive to be authorized to be approved by the rest of society.In Janice Mirikitanis poem Suicide Note a young Asian American college student apologizes to her parents for not being perfect. Perfect in school and perfect in behavior. Even though the girl worked very hard and did very well it wasnt dependable lavish in her mind and maybe in her parents mind to be worthy of her paren ts love or life itself, and so her only option was shoemakers last to atone for her sin of imperfectness.The poem beginsHow many notes written/ ink smeared like shucks prints in snow./ not good enough not pretty enough not smart enough / dear mother and father ./ I apologize/ for disappointing you / Ive worked hard, / not good enough / harder, perhaps to please you.(373.1-9)Clearly the girl in this poem the girl is apologizing for much more thangrades. She has set unrealistic standards for herself and has a lack of self worth either because she cannot reach these standards. She cannot change the way she looks, yet she is apologizing for not being pretty enough.She also goes on to talk about how life may have been repair for her if she were a son instead of a daughter. She would be worthy of love because she associates strength, confidence, beauty and smarts with being male. I would swagger through life / muscled and bold and assured,(373.17-18).Who do we blame for this young gi rls negative self-image? Is it societys fault that she values being a male more than her own life or is it her parents fault for not making her feel the love that she so desperately needs right now? Obviously she was never appreciated for her work because shes constantly apologizing for not being good enough throughout the whole note and talks about how failure, disappointment and censure drive her closer to committing suicide. Maybe if her parents voiced how they felt about her this tragedy could have been prevented.Further into the poem she talks about how she leave atone for her sin of imperfectness. My sacrifice I will drop / bone by bone, perched / on the ledge of my womanhood,/ fragile as wings(373-374.31-34). She is toying with the topic of jumping from a ledge knowing that death will be the out come of her actions. Who will be there to stop her since she doesnt case? Not strong enough(374.35) she utters next. She doesnt yet have the courage to fly like a baby bird from a nest forth of her window ledge. She pictures herself as a sparrow sillied and dizzied by the wind(374.39). The reason she pictures herself as a sparrow because a sparrow is a little bird that is not considered to be a really important creature. Compared to a hawk or an eagle, a sparrow is a peasant bird, or an everyday bird. citizenry have noticed sparrows before, but never pointed them out like they would if they were a hawk or an eagle. They would praise a hawk or an eagle, not a sparrow.Each line in the poem is building the young girl up to that state of mind where only death is the escape. Shes thinking of all the things that have led her up to this point.not good enough not strong enough / not smart enough(374.48-49)Maybe this way soulfulness will finally notice her. She hopes that they will bury / my bird bones beneath / a sturdy pine(374.57-59). The pine refers back to the beginning where she pictures herself as a male child. The pine represents what would have happened if she turned out to be a boy. This could also mean, that in the afterlife she wants to be as strong as a pine, hoping that she would be brought back in the afterlife as a boy.The suicide was a way for the college student to be noticed. It was very unfortunate that she had to hit her own life just to get attention, and to get appreciation for all the things that she had done and still it wouldnt be good enough for her parents.

Gender Issues Essay

According to Elisabeth Horst, Erik Eriksons theories pertaining to individuality and intimacy disconcerns sexual differences. The primary consensus of several writers concludes that Erikson believes that women rely on marriage to develop their personal identity. This was written at a time when differences in sexes were treated as afterthoughts. He based his theories on the manly translation of experience. Yet Erikson did not portray women as inferior. There seems to be a conflict in underemphasizing womens roles and overemphasizing womens roles and overemphasizing their role in the social system.Very little was written about women in this time. champion author (Marcia, 1980) implicated that intimacy becomes more of a female task and identity demonstrates a masculine task. Orlosfsky (1977) defines the masculine traits such as independence, autonomy, and assertiveness even more important to forming identity than the more feminine characteristics of warmth, tenderness, and underst anding. Some writers disagree with Eriksons theory of human development because they considered him to be a sexist.His writings involve the masculine aspect more than the feminine side in his studies. Horst, E. A. (1995). Reexamining Gender Issues in Eriksons Stages of identity element and Intimacy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73 (3), 271-278. Marcia, J. (1980). Identity in Adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed. ), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York. Wiley. individuation and Attachments Many feminist critize Erik Eriksons theory because of neglect or misprotrayal of female experience. He seems to presume that identity precedes intimacy.This seems to add limitations to his universal theory of human development. Even though he includes trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity into his theories. Erikson demonstrates the stages of life as (I) Infancy showing trust vs mistrust ages 0-16 months (II)Early Childhood 17-36 months (I II) Play Age (IV)School Age 6-12 (V) Adolescent (VI) childlike Adult (VII) Adulthood (VIII) Mature Age It appears as if Erikson did not elaborate on attachment during early childhood and childhood, thus the need to apply the notions of Jean Piaget.

Master and Margarita-Religion Theme Essay

Religion is an ever-present theme in the original Master and Margarita. Many of the characters neither believe in heaven nor hell, and they also refute the institution of divinity or the Devil (Satan). Through step forward the refreshed, religion is used for characters to make sense of their realities. When Woland, the Devil himself, confronts some of the characters pandemonium ensues, and truth becomes unclear.In the beginning of the invention, 2 men by the names Mikhail Berlioz and Ivan Nikolayevich (whose pen name was Bezdomny) give up a conversation about Jesus Christ. Berlioz attempts to prove that a man such as Jesus, as an individual, had never existed on earth at all and that all the stories about him were mere fabrications, myths of the standard kind. Bulgakov, 5As the men continue their conversation, Woland, who appears as a mere foreigner joins the conversation. He tells the men that he met Pontius Pilate, and the two believe Woland to be crazy. Without knowing abo ut Wolands true identity, Berlioz denies the existence of God or Satan, and explains that a large portion of his population is in fact atheist. Woland predicts Berliozs death at the end of the conversation, and he continues on, wreaking havoc amongst many other people.This theme of religion and religious imagery continues throughout the story, such as the glimpse we get into the mind of Pontius Pilate before Jesus (Yeshua Ga-Nostri) is sentenced to death. Bulgakov portrays a side not often seen of Pilate in religious and historical accounts. Later on, Woland is creating chaos in other characters lives. He draws out peoples flaws and evil tendencies that already existed within them, and he makes a mockery of those flaws. Woland himself is proving that he exists.As the story progresses, we meet the Master, a writer who mental state is unstable. He wrote about Pontius Pilate, and his writing was badly criticized. He burns his manuscripts hoping to never see them again, however Woland can make them re-appear instantly.Woland helps the Master come to his senses by request of Masters lover, Margarita. Although many would see Woland (Satan) simply as an evil creature, it is revealed in the novel that his character is so much more. Woland appears to be the most rational character, and he is more complex than the others. This is a completely different way of seeing the normal religious story, and the typical roles that God and Satan play.In the end, it is as if nothing has ever happened and memory has failed the characters. The existence of God and Satan, Jesus and Pontius Pilate, are all understood in question. After all the events that occurred throughout the novel, no one knows what is true and what is not. Religion in this novel serves to figure out the truth. The religious stories are used by characters to either refute, or support the existence of certain religious figures.Bulgakovs use of these religious accounts, stories, and figures frame the novel and witho ut it, the story could not function. It is the identical as in Hillis Millers article, Narrative. The reasons that this novel needs religion are for the same reasons we, as readers need literature. It helps to give us guidelines, warnings, and explanations for the world around us.

Personality Studies Essay

The term chump refers to features of the face, when these features argon used to infer the display case or tendency of an individual(a). Physiognomy associates any feature of the face and head with mortalal characteristics and certain nature traits and abilities. Physiognomic messages might include a persons genetic background (e.g., race, ethnicity), genetic diseases (e.g., Downs syndrome), and to a greater extent fuzzy concepts such as romantic compatibility, suitability for certain positions or the destiny of the person. As a practice session, physiognomy has a long history in Western and Eastern cultures. It still attracts aid as a curiosity and books and popular articles retain an interest.Merton Method for Employers Holmes W. Merton invented the Merton Method in the late nineteenth century to match a persons character to a suitable line of credit. Merton specialized in twinned personal characteristics to vocations, and he invented a unique set of traits that he claim ed ar relevant to job performance. He divided the face into dozens of different areas, each area reverberateing one or more of his traits, thus matching a face to a job. Many large corporations used this method to shamble employment and job assignment decisions.Stereotypes of Police Caricature of the criminal thug with sm in all, beady, close-set eyes, large bring up and puffy cheeks, bent nose, uns vexn with threatening expression. Analysis of physiognomic characteristics has been employed in the criminal justice system. near paid legal consultants offer advice to trial lawyers about their clients, prospective jurors, and witnesses based on their facial characteristics. They sock that jurors respond to the faces of the defendant and the witnesses, so they try to optimize the favorableness of the impressions jurors are likely to form (such consultants are most often used by the defense). For example, research shows that a baby-faced person is less likely to be convicted of an intentional crime and more likely to be convicted of a negligent crime. Some consultants too claim to have insight into the characteristics of prospective jurors based on their faces. An old face reading custom in law enforcement circles is that you can tell a criminal from his or her face. Surveys of policemen indicate that even today, umteen believe they can detect the criminal by examining their face.Acting An other(a) area in which physiognomy is used is the selection of actors to fill roles. For example, pedantic women, evil or virtuous men, and incompetent or lumpish characters are often portrayed by actors who look the part. Character actors often spend their master key lives performing only limited roles that match their facial appearance.It is important to note that none of these applications has any scientific evidence to support it and none uses any of the scientific evidence and theory as a can for its practice.Palmistry or chiromancy is the art of evaluating a per sons character and foretelling the future(a) through the study of the ornamentation. Palmistry can trace its roots back to India, from where it spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia and Europe. Even today, the practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are mainly called palmists, palm readers, or hand readers. A reader usually begins by reading the persons overriding hand (the hand they write with or use the most) which is considered to re inclose the conscious mind, whereas the other hand is subconscious. mingled lines (heart line, life line, etc.) and mounts (or bumps) presumably suggest interpretations by their relative sizes, qualities, and intersections. The lines are believed to turn out hereditary or family traits, or to convey information about past-life or karmic conditions. The basic framework for Hellenic palmistry is rooted in Greek mythology.Each area of the palm and fingers is related to a idol or gra ven imagedess, and the features of that area indicate the nature of the corresponding aspect of the subject. For example, the ring finger is associated with the Greek god Apollo characteristics of the ring finger are tied to the subjects dealings with art, music, aesthetics, fame, wealth, and harmony. The practice of chiromancy is generally regarded as a pseudoscience. There has been little research verifying palmistrys accuracy as a system of character analysis, and so far no conclusive evidence has been provided to support a connection between the lines of the palm and a persons character. No conclusive data have yet been found to support the claims made by hand readers with respect to life expectancy or personality type.Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. The Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC) systemized and demonstrable it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called humor s) blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. The four temperamental categories were named sanguine, melancholiac, choleric and phlegmatic after the visible humors. Each was the result of an excess of one of the humors and corresponded to a different personality type. cherry-red The Sanguine temperament personality is fairly extroverted. People of a sanguine temperament tend to enjoy social gatherings and making new friends. They tend to be creative and often daydream. However, some alone time is crucial for those of this temperament. Sanguine can also mean truly sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful. Sanguine personalities generally struggle with following tasks all the way through, are chronically late, and tend to be forgetful and sometimes a little sarcastic. Often, when pursue a new hobby, interest is lost quickly when it ceases to be engaging or fun. They are very much people persons. They are ta lkative and not shy.Choleric A person who is choleric is a doer. They have a lot of ambition, energy, and passion, and try to instill it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were cholerics. They like to be leaders and in charge of everything.Melancholic A person who is a thoughtful ponderer has a melancholic disposition. Often very considerate, melancholics can be highly creative in activities such as metrical composition and art and can become occupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. A melancholic is also often a perfectionist. They are often self-reliant and independent.Phlegmatic Phlegmatics tend to be self-content and kind. They can be very accepting and affectionate. They may be very receptive and shy and often prefer perceptual constancy to uncertainty and change. They are very consistent, relaxed, rational, curious, and observant, making them good administrat ors and diplomats.They also believe there are dozen mixtures of the four temperaments, representing people who have the traits of two temperaments. The temperament theory is used to help understand personality. The temperaments are seen as avenues into teaching, with some different types of blends, which can help with both discipline and defining the methods used with individual children and class balance.Phrenology frnl A pseudo-science related to physiognomy is Phrenology. The phrenologist claims that specific areas of the cranium reflect certain personality traits. By examining these areas of the head for size and shape, an expert can infer individuals hidden character. This approach developed in the early 19th century, based on the discovery that areas of the cerebral cortex under the skull were differently specialized. Thus, the skull area over each area takes on certain forms matching the abilities of the brain underneath it. Unfortunately for this theory, the early ideas o f specialization of the brain are seriously flawed, and the assumption that specialized areas have anything to do with shapes of the cranium is false. Nevertheless, this idea of phrenology became very popular, and many experts on phrenology published volumes describing the applications of this technique. Numerous chase promoted the idea and supplied their services to an eager public, usually for a fee. None of their claimed expertise have any seat in fact, and the subject seems a humorous relict today.Astrology is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs which hold that the movements and positions of celestial bodies straight off influence life on Earth or correspond to the events of a humans life. A practitioner of astrology is called an astrologer. Astrologers believe, for instance, that the identification of the zodiacal placement of the Sun on the day of a persons birth provides information about personality and human affairs, and helps in the interpretation of past and pr esent events, and in the prediction of the future. Astrology is generally considered a pseudoscience or superstition by the scientific society because of a lack of statistically significant astrological predictions. Still, astrology enjoys certain popularity even nowadays. In particular, many newspapers and magazines carry predictive columns based on celestial influences in relation to an individuals zodiac sign.

Social Exchange Theory

Reaction Paper 2 The Social step in Theory was very interesting for me to research as I was not familiar with it before this class. I learned astir(predicate) the basic parts of the possibility, how it can pertain to spousal and split up, and how it can help me in parenting. Self-interest is the main focus of this particular theory and can be described as a utilitarian way of thinking. After much research, I learned that utilitarian thinking in family studies is touch with achieving show upcomes that are most valued (White & Klein, 2008). Within this theory, the actors are most concerned with rewards and costs.Rewards are considered anything that is perceived as effective to the soulfulnesss interest, and the costs are just the inverse of the rewards. As a early(prenominal) math teacher, this was analytically easy for me to understand, exactly recognizemed very selfish to me. To me, nearlyone who based their kindreds and choices on this theory did it for their own someb odyal profit and maximization. Even if there are no rewards, the actors will make any(prenominal) choices are necessary to minimize the costs (Chibucos & Leite, 2005). I did not fully accept and understand the affectionate ex agitate theory until I read the additional assign readings.One of these articles was written by Susan Sprecher. She completed a longitudinal study on the hearty exchange theory within dating couples (Chibucos & Leite, 2005). As I examined her findings, I realized that most individuals make choices based on rewards and costs, and I nightimes equal to them as pros and cons of a decision. It did not seem so selfish, but more of a well mentation erupt plan. I also realized that I had made choices as described by the social exchange theory many times in my life, specifically concerning my long-term relationships. I chose to get marital in 1990 because the benefits outweighed the costs of marriage.Yes, I even made a list. The benefits include companionship of the one I loved and trusted, the option to start a family and get children, and begin building lifelong relationship with the person that I had chosen to grown old with. I kfresh there were going to be costs to a marriage, but as a young adult, I did not realize all of them. The costs, in my mind, included a loss of independence, putting our money together, accountability, and maybe some contention. It seemed to me that my benefits were greater than any costs, and I was willing and excited to make my vows.As time went on, children began arriving into our home. It seemed that as the stresses of family life increased, so did our marital contention. Somewhere during our twenty percent year of marriage, I made a list of the benefits and costs, or pros and cons as it seemed at the time, as to whether or not to continue my marriage. The benefits were about the same, but the costs were increasing annually. Finances were very tight, my husband chose to fall a lot of time away from home , anger problems were escalating, and being a mother of two children was grave without help from my husband.Nonetheless, the benefits seemed to outweigh the costs, because I knew divorce would be more costly. By the eighteenth year of our marriage, my marriage had taken a terrible turn. A private investigator informed me that my husband was living with a 22-year-old and had been for over three months. I had five children, relied solely on my husbands salary for support, and did not insufficiency the identity of being divorced. But I think the devastation of discovering his romantic relationship, the length of his infidelity, and the detail that he made no attempts to steady down matters, made my benefits and costs equation easy to solve.My benefits were to teach my missys that this was insufferable behavior and should never be tolerated and to teach my sons that there are dire consequences to such choices as a husband. I almost felt that my agency had been taken away as I had to choose to divorce my husband. Now three years later, I can examine that divorce equation and see that I made the best choice for my family, and that without even realizing it, I was using the social exchange theory to resolve a great issue in my life.This theory is more easily seen within large issues to me, what about my everyday parenting? I have watched for the past few weeks how I can help my children within these guidelines. With some careful thought, I helped one of our children decide the best place to sit on the school bus. If he chose one seat, he could sit with more popular kids, but he stood a higher calamity of getting in trouble for misconduct. If he chose a less desirable seat, he could stay out of trouble and befriend a new student who recently moved into town, therefore, making a new friend.With some discussion, he was able to analyze on his own which seat would be more beneficial to him. Another time I was able to use this knowledge within parenting was in helpi ng my daughter with her math teacher. My daughter dislikes math anyway, and sees no longterm reason to learn it. She was assigned a specific teacher at school and was not doing especially well, per her grades. My daughter disliked the teacher stating that she was too strict and assigned too much homework. Her friends told her that she did not need the specific math class to graduate and encouraged her to change classes.Using the social exchange theory, we not only discussed the importance of math, but how learning to get on with this math teacher could greatly benefit her grades. We encouraged her to talk to her teacher about her backbreakingies and to request some clarifications about specific concepts. My daughter chose to try it out because during our discussion she could see the benefits, although, she was not completely convinced. She went to her teacher, worked out some differences, and her grades reflect the benefits. I now more fully appreciate the opportunity I have had to research, analyze, and give a presentation on the social exchange theory.It increased my knowledge and gave me the opportunity to reflect on some past decisions I have made in my life. I can see that this theory is not applicable to all choices, but it is helpful to know that it is an option when dealing with difficult decisions pertaining to relationships. I can see why some would consider it reductionist (Piercy class notes, September 29, 2011). I think I would feel that a healer was not taking my personal issues seriously if they were cut to just costs or benefits. With this in mind, a marriage and family therapist might not want to use this framework when working with major relationship issues.When the social exchange theory was further explained in class, I was able to grasp the thought of being under benefitted and over benefitted in a relationship (Piercy class notes, September 29, 2011). I do not think that any relationship is ever equal, but if we think about how and/o r if each person involved benefits, we can help each person better relate to one another. This might be a better way that a therapist could use this theory in a counseling setting. As Dr. Piercy said, Satisfaction and commitment are more important than equity (Piercy class notes, September 29, 2011).

Perspectives on conflicts and disputes Essay

heavy positivists postulate that individuals ar intrinsically greedy, which is the main root of conflicts among them. Thomas Hobbes posits that universes argon doomed to dispute because of their primal nature, which is deduced to self-servingness that causes them to struggle to maintain their social status. In this milieu, Charles Darwin advertiseed this stance by conjecturing that species self-centered ship coffin nailal are introduce to their factors because spiritedness is nonhing besides a struggle for survival.To curtail this selfishness, law is of necessity because entirely it provides rules and restrictions to hold dear the delight and remains the rights of each individual. The advancement on the epistemological aspect of conflict starts at the onto cistrontic motive of the specie and continues in its phylo divisortic restrict. Ontogenetic state means that the being develops from the conception of its genes up to the abate of its life motorbike. Conversel y, phylogenetic event transpires in between of the beings conception and wipeout, meaning the individual develops through and throughout the prison term it exists.Therefore, Homo sapiens understanding of conflicts anatomy begins at phylogenetic level and its enough comprehension happens when Homo sapiens reaches the end of ontogenetic level. The epistemic acquisition of conflicts thrives in hu adult male openhearted resort area or to events and settings that necessitates hu objet dart actions and interactions. Conflicts undergo a succession that perpetually exists within the life- military manhood of beings such as their surroundings, environment, politics, business, science, and so forward Having drawn this conclusion, we grass descend that in existing innumerable of conflicts there is a myriad of ways of resolving it.Conflict is impossible to annihilate because of the following reasons first, it thrives at the very heart of charitable being beings volition, which is the tooth root of merciful selfishness, and second, it has been part of military man psyche to transfer it from one generation to the other, which resulted to a vicious cycle within the epistemic system of conflict. And throughout history, individuals piss filled the art of conflict, and some even get the hang the usage of conflict in their everyday lives. Handling conflict is very vital to human creative activity because it nookie totally change the landscape of ones protest mankind.The coming of twentieth speed of light proved that beings are becoming more than than and more aware of how to comprehend the nitty-gritty details of conflict, and what are the effective means of handling conflicts. There is no panacea that go out medicate continuous existence of conflict, but humans strive to find a better solution to satisfy the needs of a prominent conflict because they are challenged by the difficulty it embodies. It must(prenominal) be noted that conflict is acquiring m ore complicated as time passes by, which means that better solution must be concocted to counter-attack more severe problem.The vastness of the universe implies a far more serious condition because the contingency of the world can necessitate an unknown conflict, which greatly needs a novel constructs or to put it simply, man has to go out of the box to resolve a newly or unknown prevailing issue. This kind of conflict serves a greater challenge to human reason because it is something that our very reason has not to date encountered. The enigmatic characteristic of such new issues demands transcendence in our rationality. Using Karl Marx philosophical stance, we can infer that conflict has a crisis-response blueprint or a thesis-antithesis pattern.Multiplicity of conflicts has evolved into a more complex modal value within the continuum of time, as well as the individual effort to manage and to elucidate it. In drift for a human specie to understand the instrument of conflict, h e/she must know its intrinsic values, and in doing so, he/she can decipher appropriate solution for different conflicts. The epicentre of conflict lies on the congenital nature of man and its solution lies on the rules that have been drawn to curb the inborn transaction of human volition.Development is the life-source of conflict, ironically speaking, the more we formulate means to make life easier the more we recognize new conflicts. In the primeval condition of humanity the only existing problem is the source of food, and then it supercharge develops into the issue of territory, and finally when men resolved these issues another conflict sprouted when they realized the significance of property. The receive of science and technology intensified the mans struggle to annihilate conflicts.Science and technology fortunately medicated the prevailing conflicts of our alliance but it in any case paved for the birth of novel conflicts, and in some condition aggravated an existing is sue. As of this modern day period, science and technology provides a myriad of solutions in human crises in the field of poverty, education and medicine. But it also exacerbates war between nations because technology brings forth weaponry of mass destruction. Man by Nature is Selfish According to Richard Dawkins introduction in his support The Selfish Gene, mans attitude is greatly affected and designed by our genetic composition.Our genes make us. We animals exist for their preservation and are nothing more than their throwaway survival machines. The world of the selfish gene is one of savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit. But what of the acts of apparent altruism found in nature the bees who enthrone suicide when they sting to protect the hive, or the birds who warn the flock of an approaching hawk? Do they infract the fundamental law of gene selfishness? At the onset of Dawkins book, he clearly stipulated that all species either man or animals are machines fa shioned by their genetic design.As mentioned earlier, Hobbes believes that men are naturally natural selfish, and it is the same in Dawkins case. According to him, the selfishness of man is deeply embedded in our genes, and due to this we must learn the virtue of generosity and altruism because if we failed to do so, men go out perpetually live on catastrophic state. Dawkins stance must not be misconstrued as an ethical justification of human behaviour or a moral treatise that must be followed since his insight is loud and clear that men are selfish because of their genes, no more, no less.Having said this, it is a challenge for us to control it if not exterminate it because we are the only species who can desired to do it. In the furtherance of mans selfish genes, Dawkins collective Darwins biological conjecture that man is doomed for the battle of its own survival. However, the former believes that survival is not controlled by man rather man is machinated by genes to strive f or its own survival. The genes are the building blocks of human existence, it is the one that created us, and these genes even tells how we should reason out.Men are innately selfish for the sole reason of life preservation or prolongation. They are leaveing to do everything just to ensure that their interests are satisfied. Satisfaction of interest is tantamount to the validation of one existence. This is the embodiment of human existence, chaotic and full of struggle. The machination of individual is further elucidated by Dawkins through his explanation of gene mechanism. Dawkins adopted G. C. Williams definition of genes, which give tongue to that gene any plowshare of chromosomal material that potentially last for enough generations to serve as a unit of natural s option .The deoxyribonucleic acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) of man thrives within our body. It must be noted that DNA is not contained in a particular body parts rather it is widely disseminated within our cells. Ap proximately speaking, a human body is made of a thousand million cells, and each of these cells contains an exact blueprint of all DNA in our body. The significance of the ontogenetic control of genes is its capability of self-continuation and self-propagation, meaning, genes can preserve itself under the condition of many struggles.The survival of genes lies on the efficiency and power of our corporeal body, which they inhabit for its own development. The existence of each human species is not everlasting, it is ephemeral. Dawkins uses an analogy wherein each card in a ditch represents the genes. According to him, when a deck of card are being shuffled they undergo a process of survival. And this process of survival is exactly the mechanism of genes wherein every time they are shuffled a gene only assumes the position of another gene, instead of being destroyed, and after the shuffling process genes are still genes that continue to march on.Dawkins draws a conclusion from this an alogy, which stated that genes are basically the replicators and we are their machinery for survival. And when we have fulfilled our function we are automatically became useless, but gene go away perpetuate its existence because it is a denizen of geological time . In view of that, Dawkins also posits that gene is the basic unit of survival because it competes for its own preservation against their alleles for a slot in the chromosome.With this picture, we can infer that genes struggle for survival of future generation in the gene pool in the disbursal of its own alleles. Therefore, selfishness is indeed the fundamental foundation of selfishness. The genes are the master programmers, and they are programming for their lives. They are supposed check to the success of their programs in copying with all the hazards that life throws at their survival machines, and the judge is the ruthless judge of the court of survival . This phrase only strengthened Dawkins claims that man is noth ing but a machinery of genes for its own survival.As pointed earlier, man is different from other specie because a human being has a will power and reason, meaning man can go against the dictate of its gene i. e. a person can choose not to reproduce. In addition, reason has its own domain wherein it has the capability to manipulate habitual operation of gene machine, to envisage what lies beyond its own future, and most significantly, to act according to its own course of nature. Because of rationality, gene machinery is able to be in command of outlining what direction individuals must follow.Rationality can curtail the dictate of gene, meaning, a person can transcend his/her selfishness and reach the condition of being generous and altruistic. The emancipation of man from his selfish nature is only possible if and only if he succumb himself to an agreement. Being established that human beings to be innately selfish also indicate that they are self-regulating. But generosity and al truism can only be actualized if the self-regulating beings surrender their self-regulating prowess.Selfishness is the anti-thesis of the said virtues but because of rationality human beings will submit to an agreement to satisfy the insufficiency of self-regulation. The universal antidote for this insufficiency is the construction of law through its rules. In the vein of Hobbes social contract theory, man must give in to an agreement to proceed his natural tendencies, but he must only surrender to a contract if and only if others will surrender to it in equal footing. But in the provision of rules it is a prerequisite to understand the compound schema of conflict. The Role of RulesIn Using Conflict Theory, Otomar Bartos and Paul Wehr claim that in the wide scene of action of epistemic knowledge regarding conflicts there are two guiding principles that must be comprehended one, to slenderize on general theories, and second, to carry out these theories on a simplified fashion. T he former necessitate an practise of theories to innumerable types of conflicts. While the latter focuses on the specific arguments or application of the former. One good exercising of general theories is elucidation of poverty in the third world countries using the framework of dialectical philistinism by Marx.If we convert this general theory into a simplified manner, one must look at the specific causes of poverty such as shortage of natural resources, lack of capital, misallocation of funds, graft and corruption, and the likes. If one is successful in outlining the appropriate general theories in an existing conflict, then he/she translates these theories in its simplified form. And if this will be the case, then concoction of rules will be easier. Rules must embody the principle of the entire society and it must cater to the needs of its citizenry. Rules can be perceived in two ways Kantian or Utilitarian.Immanuel Kant posits that rules must be made in the context of univers al imperative, meaning it must not be used as means of advancing ones interest rather it must be created for its own sake and for the goodness and betterment of humanity. In lieu to this, Utilitarian advocates such as J. S. Mill argues that rules must be conceptualized in the essence of achieving the goodness of the majority and resulting to the production of best consequences. Kant postulates that a rule must be encompassing and must not reside on the band police wagon of majority votes because it contradicts the reason of man, and because number of votes does not imply truth.For example, killing another being is morally unjustifiable is a universal rule because it affirms the importance of life, which is true to all beings. Conversely, J. S. Mill believes that rules are justified if and only if the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people is reached. But it must be noted that functional theory also entails a qualitative measurement through the intensity and duration of happiness, meaning, it must have greater impact to the society and its intensity must last for the longest time if not forever.For example, death penalization can be either permissible or impermissible depending on the context of society, but the point is, morally justifiability of death penalty lies on majority votes since it can serve the interest of more people. There are voluminous conflicting issues regarding these theories because both of them are in extreme opposition. Kant rejects utilitarianism because it does not uphold a consensual quest for universal truth and it only served the interests of the majority of population in a given social context.On the other hand, utilitarian advocates refute the Kantian theories because of its impossibility or windy system in knowing the universal truth. But in the modern day period, utilitarian theories are more adopted than Kantian theory because it is more feasible in creating rules for present conflicts and for future conflicts. In most cases, before a rule can be ratified it must undergo an election and must meet certain number of votes to quantify its validity i. e. three-fourths of the voting population or majority votes.But it must be noted that most rules fashioned in utilitarian location must follow a universal precept so that it will not contradict the war paint of a specific nation. For example, murder is universally not accepted, which one of the reason why death penalty is not easy to endorse because it contradicts a universal precept, though some countries provided an reasonable exemption on the matter, killing will still be universal precept that they must consider. Rules main goal is to foster the interest of every individual as possible as it can, and to restrict the selfish ways of human beings, in order to maintain an ordered society.Because of this guideline, law has delineated the scope of general and private orbit to guarantee the possibility of generosity and altruism. Public sphere is far more superior to the private sphere because the former promotes national interest and the welfare of the entire populace. Law provides countless rules to reinforce the supremacy of public sphere, which is the apparent implication on the significance of reason. Rules are the product of our reason to rebel against the dictate of our selfish genes. In the furtherance of rules, justice must be encapsulated in its formulation to ensure an effective effectuation of it.