Code of Ethics and The IT Field Essay examples - 973 Words

Introduction Imagine if you will an organization where there is no law and order, where the environment is that of an everything goes mentality. Workers are free to do as they please without any fear of reprisal or repercussions, and chaos reigns supreme. Interaction among coworkers is non-existent, and professionalism does not exist. A Code of Ethics are what guides the behavior of an organization, and it guides the quality that the organization will live by. When I served in the Army for 21 years I lived by a set of values that guided me each and every day, and these values laid the foundation not just for myself but for all soldiers to live by. The values of Loyalty, Duty, Self-Respect, Honor, Integrity and personal Courage are what†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Truth and Honesty to be given at all times: I and any employee that may work for me shall at all times strive to remain truthful and honest in all of my/our dealings with the people around us. Lies are intolerable and will not be acceptable by any means. I will strive to remain a trustworthy individual †¢ Integrity will be a high priority: I and my employees will place integrity above all and will have strong moral principles, and will always display sincerity, truthfulness and be trustworthy in all that we do so that my nor my subordinate’s integrity will ever be questioned. †¢ Be courteous and responsible in all that is done: Common courtesy will be extended to all that I come in contact with whether it be telephonic or in person. The same will be expected of my subordinates as well and we shall be responsible for our actions in all that we do. †¢ Be accountable: Accountability for ones actions will be tantamount on a daily basis. I will hold myself accountable for my actions and deeds, and will expect others in my employ to do the same. †¢ Family will be top priority: Family will be a top priority and I will strive to make time for my family no matter what I may be involved in. As my family strives to provide me guidance and support I will reciprocate by always being there for my family. †¢ Attitude: I will always strive to maintain a very positive and strong attitude free of arrogance, and I will always remain respectful to those around me. †¢ Set theShow MoreRelatedCodes Of Ethics From Different Fields966 Words   |  4 PagesI chose three codes of ethics from different fields. The fields are; 1. Society of professional journalists http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp 2. Australian Computer society http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Australia.Code.html 3. Code of ethics for librarians and other Information workers http://www.ifla.org/news/ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-other-information-workers-full-version I chose the three codes of ethics depending on their nature. The nature of the careersRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics, are implemented to educate employees on the ethical principles, morals and values of a company or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they mustRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics895 Words   |  4 Pages A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity.1Most organization have codes of ethics that its members are required to follow and it lays out the rules and acceptable behavior of its the members on ethics and which actions are acceptable or not acceptable business practices. One industry where professional codes of ethics are important is health care. Most health care workers belong to an accredited organization of their professionRead MoreCode of Ethics for Computer Professionals1134 Words   |  4 PagesMost professions have codes of ethics and for the same reasons computer professionals need a code of ethics. Professions that have been in existence for many more years than the information profession have had time to recognise their ethical responsibilities. In the information field it can be more difficult to immediately recognise who is affected by the actions of an individual or organisation. This does not mean that information professionals have no moral responsibilities. It is common acrossRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Values1086 Words   |  5 Pages Each individual has a code of ethics which helps to establish morals. Morals play an important part when it comes to determining what is right and wrong. You should also have core values. I think the most important value to have is integrity. Integrity means to be honest in everything you do and to have high morals. I will be honest, sincere, and reliable. Another important value to have is to be caring. Each and every day, I will be considerate and help those that need it. Being caring means havingRead MoreThe Pseudo Profession Of Nursing Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesto master the complexities of the topic. (3) There must be a barrier to entry into the field which excludes those who are not competent. (4) There must be a code of ethics which requires the members of the profession to conduct their affairs at a level which exceeds the mere requirements of the law. †¦ (5) There should be a professional society to monitor the actions of its members and to enforce the code of ethics. (Christensen, 1994). Based on this simplified checklist, nursing meets some, but notRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe present time, information technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensification of information technology use in societies, there is a similar increase for some businesses or individualsRead MoreEssay Business Ethics in Accounting1034 Words   |  5 Pagesmade by the authors. The research paper of Pflugrath, Martinov-Bennie Chen (2007) aims to analyze the impact of organizational codes of ethics on the accountants’ and auditors’ judgments and professional decisions making skills. The research is conducted on a sample of 112 professional accountants and auditing students and resulted in indicating that the codes of ethics positively influence the judgments of professional accountants but does not affect the students’ judgments. On the other hand, theRead MoreUnderstanding Ethics Of Social Work1432 Words   |  6 Pages Understanding Ethics in Social Work Brandy Whatley Troy University April 15, 2016 Abstract As a professional practitioner in the field of social work a great practice is to develop a foundation structured around the ethical standard set by the National Association of Social Workers. Dilemmas can arise, creating issues that could have a massive effect on clients, families, clinicians, communities, and the organization involved. In order to find a solution to the issue(s)Read MoreForensic Nursing Codes Of Ethics1382 Words   |  6 Pagesscope of practice, every field of nursing can and should utilize the Codes of Ethics from the American Nurses Association. The 2015 Code â€Å"addresses individual as well as collective nursing intentions and actions; it requires each nurse to demonstrate ethical competence in professional life† (ANA, 2015, p. 7). This code can be broken down into nine provisions which highlight the main focuses every nurse should strive to abide by in practice. Because forensic nursing is a field that intersects the legal

Democracy By John Dewey Democracy - 888 Words

Democracy to me always had a propagandist vibe to it. In pop culture and movies, every instance the subject of democracy arises, it is also accompanied by some US plot to overthrow some South American communist regime. I identified democracy as a political form, a political tool, and my most preferred system of government. The American philosopher John Dewey, however, looks past the veil that democracy’s political and economic purposes produce and examines democracy instead as a way of life. Dewey identifies democracy as a truly human way of living, because it demands the participation of all the human beings that reside within its form to contribute to the values the system would provide for. Voting is the mechanism that allows the participants of a democracy to contribute and maintain those values, and honor the foundations that allow democracy to survive as the best form of living. To introduce, to Dewey, the common perception of democracy is hardly fitting of its true def inition. Dewey expands our common idea of democracy into a â€Å"way of living†, but in the general political and governmental sense dictates it as, â€Å"the best means so far found, for realizing ends that lie in the wide domain of human relationships and the development of human personality. (1110)† Dewey understands democracy to be a social way to act as an individual. Democracy enforces and idolizes the capabilities of the individual to capitalize on the contributions those capabilities can provide forShow MoreRelatedJohn Dewey s Democracy And Education907 Words   |  4 Pages In the early 1900’s, a philosopher and educational reformer by the name of John Dewey voiced his concerns about the education system in his book â€Å"Democracy and Education.† This book talked about how the education system was based around a very social type of education; an informal type of education. However, with the increase in complexity that comes with the passage of time, a need for a more structured and formal education was present. More recently, Kenneth Bernstein, a former high schoolRead MoreAnalysis Of John Dewey s Democracy And Education1819 Words   |  8 Pages John Dewey in Democracy and Education, stresses the importance of formal education and how the mass media has manipulated the uneducated in our society. However, Dewey explains how manipulation is prevented through formal education. Not only will society become intelligent, they will be better-educated citizens with knowledge about serving others. Therefore, creating citizens that want to help each other and make a successful democracy. Dewey is still speaking to us today, about the mass media andRead MoreAnalysis Of John Dewey s Democracy And Education1969 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Dewey in Democracy and Education, stresses the importance of formal education and how the mass media has manipulated the uneducated in our society. However, Dewey explains how manipulation is pre vented through formal education. Not only will society become intelligent, they will be better-educated, informed citizens with knowledge about serving others. Therefore, creating citizens that want to help each other and make a successful democracy. Dewey is still speaking to us today, about the massRead More John Dewey Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages John Dewey was one of the greatest minds in history. A philosopher, his concern was democracy and its ideals. A thinker about the problems in education. A prominent voice in America, commanding the admiration of those who agreed with his views, and respect for his mind even from those who did not. The man: John Dewey, an American philosopher. Dewey’s pedagogy was one with three distinctive traits: it was democratic in that it called for pluralism. It was a follower of the scientific method in thatRead MoreWhen You Think Of The Word Democracy You Think About A1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthink of the word democracy you think about a politics. I am not a fan of politics at all but when someone says democracy, I think of a system of government that the population votes in a candidate through elected representatives. The schooling system does a good job noftying children that their vote counts. These are the rights that everyone has to fight about because they are very important. People always fight for the right to vote and their voice to be heard. The word democracy just does not meanRead MoreDemocratic Governance Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most popular topics â€Å"Democracy† discussed and analyzed from the point of theoretical aspect, contemporary research, and application aspect. Objectives This Knowledge Area Module (KAM) looks at democratic governance. This breadth component begins by discussing the theoretical characteristic of democracy. For this study, democratic thoughts of Aristotle, Milton Friedman, Robert Dahl, and John Dewey will be used as guides; will find out the different ideas about democracy. In Breadth componentRead MoreDemocracy : A Truly Human Way Of Living977 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy to me always had a propagandist sort of vibe to it. When presented pop culture and movies, every instance the subject of democracy arises, it is also accompanied by some US plot to overthrow some South American communist regime. I identified democracy as a political form, a political tool, and my most preferred system of government. The American philosopher John Dewey, however, looks past the veil that democracy’s political and economic purposes produce and examines democracy instead asRead MoreEducational Philosophy of John Dewey Essay702 Words   |  3 PagesThe Educational Philosophy of John Dewey John Dewey is known as leader of the progressive movement in the history of the American education system and his book, Democracy and Education: an introduction to the philosophy of education, could be used as a textbook to teach the foundations of the movement. Discrediting all previous educational and philosophic approaches as intellectually incomplete or inaccurate, Dewey first presents a new perspective on the nature of knowledge, education, societyRead MoreWhy School Should Be Viewed Not Only As An Institution That Conveys Skills, Familiarity, And Knowledge Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesby the competent States authorities. Many scholars and philosophers have made their claim about education. The famous writer, John Dewey, believes that higher education contributes to making people better democratic citizens, which in instance, Dewey argued that schools play a vital role in the shaping and the health of democracy with which I agree. John Dewey is an American philosopher education. He was born in the 19th century, in 1859 the same year as Darwin’s Origin of Species wasRead MoreBiography Of Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno And Max Horkheimer1348 Words   |  6 Pagescould create meaning for themselves and not only what meddage creaters wanted them to believ. ideology failed to account for indivudual meaning .. dominated and dominant Lippman and Dewey Dewey and Lippmann seem to have similar ideas when it comes to the education of the mass public and their intense critique of democracy and politics. Public Opinion(1922) by Walter Lippman, is a critical assessment of democratic government and the social perceptions that influence individual behavior and prevent

Artificial Intelligence in Robotics-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Research Development in Information Technology. Answer: Introduction Artificial intelligence can be defined as the system which generally combines various kinds of software and hardware based devices (Ghahramani, 2015). This device generally come up with software based database and knowledge processing models which can be used for various kinds of decision making for humans. There are generally certain number of parameters which is needed to be addressed like function, design and lastly market. In coming pages of the report a literature review has been done on artificial intelligence in robotics. After that an idea has been provided on the key concepts behind the use of Artificial intelligence. In the end a brief contrast and comparison between the research paper has been provided. Discussion Key concept and ideas Artificial intelligence mainly deals with a list of features like function, manufacture, design and market. It checks or analyzes the fact that the system must be functional so that it can easily perform the various function for which it is designed (Rus and Tolley, 2015). The manufacturing factors checks the fact the required system can be easily manufactured by existing processes. The system must be designed in such a way that it can easily work with cultural context. The fourth parameter that is marketable checks the fact that of competitive approach in matters of design and warranty. Contrast and comparison Robotics can be defined as the major field which deals with artificial intelligence. Traditional robotics makes use of artificial intelligence techniques for technical devices which can be developed and control by various kinds of human engineers. The second paper states the fact the robots are generally manufactured as a kind of hardware (Goodfellow et al. 2016). The connection between the hardware and software is established by the help of artificial intelligence. The third paper also describes artificial intelligence in the same way but with different words. The fourth paper mainly puts an emphasis on self-controllable robots which can be used for changing the various kinds of shapes (Mller and Bostrom, 2016). The paper addresses ATRON robot which generally consist of two hemispheres which consist of spheres that is joined by single revolution. Conclusion From the above discussion it can concluded that four paper addresses on same topic that is Artificial Intelligence. The fourth paper was different from other paper which was analyzed above in the discussion. In the discussion portion of the report key ideas and concept of the four paper has been analyzed. After that a brief contrast and comparison on the topic of artificial intelligence from the paper has been provided. References Ghahramani, Z., 2015. Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence.Nature,521(7553), p.452. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., Courville, A. and Bengio, Y., 2016.Deep learning(Vol. 1). Cambridge: MIT press. Mller, V.C. and Bostrom, N., 2016. Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. InFundamental issues of artificial intelligence(pp. 555-572). Springer, Cham. Rus, D. and Tolley, M.T., 2015. Design, fabrication and control of soft robots.Nature,521(7553), p.467.

Corporate Philanthropy Cash Donations

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Philanthropyfor Cash Donations. Answer: Introduction: Corporate philanthropy is such actions of the corporations through which the donations and the resources are given in the charity to the organisations which are no profitable. It mainly consists of the cash donations and is also in other forms such as the use of the volunteer time of the company's employee and also few facilities of the companies for the welfare of the others. Donations are mainly handled by the corporations directly or by the foundations which are developed by the corporations (Meadows, 2004). Corporate philanthropy includes the fundraising matches, community grand, and the volunteer team grants. The corporate philanthropy includes the two ways in which the organisations can donate are the volunteer grant programs and the matching gift programs. Corporate Philanthropy Matching gift programs--is also known as the donating the money to the nonprofits. Many programmes related to the charity are also organised, where in the organisation matches the contribution which is done by individuals to the organisation. Volunteer grant programs: Such program is diverse from the matching gift program in a great way, as in such process the people will not directly help with the money to the non-profits organisations but will support the people who are will for such donation on the voluntary basis. In this program, the organisation will aid the non-profit organisation with the financial help where the workforce is agreeable to effort willingly regularly (Pribbenow, 2005). This programme works in two ways: The employees who work voluntarily for the no- profits are paid on hourly basis Such standards are fixed by the company where if the employee works voluntarily for certain fixed hours then the company will support financially to the non-profit organisation. Many of the big and the well-established organisations are trying to apply such practices and policies which will be beneficial for the Corporate Philanthropy. Normally, the best practices and the policies will help you in a better understanding of its position in the company and in calculating the amount that is to be given in the form of the charity or donation. For the calculation of the charity, one can follow the following formula which is to multiply 1.2 timesnet income as per the tax of last year and to conclude the least amount of the cash budget for the next years donation (Ihl and Vossen, 2014). Example of Corporate Philanthropy; Sales Force Here will discuss the company Sales force which is the worldwide online software company and is based in Australia. The other world big companies act as the inspiration and the mentor for promoting and encouraging the sales force for the corporate philanthropy. The foundation's sales force was originated by the company 15 years before based on the simple principle to donate 1% of the company time, product, and equity for improving the communities which are under privilege and need the support all over the globe (Generosity Magazine, 2015). Sales force and their foundation with the organisation works on the model known as the 1-1-1 which also shares the donation with the other companies who also pledges to share its 1% (Salesforce.org, 2016). This concept was originated by the co-founder and the president SuzanneDebianca, who is also on the boards of the other councils. She aims to expand this message all over the globe and to inspire the other organisation to work for the cause of th e corporate philanthropy in the managed way. In this segment, she receives a great positive response from Atlassian which is one of the technical companies of Australia. In the starting the, Dibianca studies about the present methodologies of philanthropic which are practiced all over the globe, observe the shortcomings and developed such systems which helped in improving the final results. Philanthropic Model The integrated philanthropy model of the Sales Force supports the Play works to get better the well-being and the health of the children in all the schools across the nation. Salesforce.org follows the simple idea of the; influences the people, resources and the technology to support the communities around the world in improving the conditions or for their betterment. In this model, the Technology offers the discounted and the donated technologies to the non-profits organisation. Through us programmes the Higher Ed institutionsand the non-profit corporate is given the access by the company to use the product of the Sales Force Company for expanding collectively. This programme includes the subscriptions of the 10 donations and also a great discount on further more subscriptions or on the services and the products (Salesforce.com, 2016). Under this model, the employees also have the freedom to take the decision that for what cause and where the employee can volunteer. The organisation empowers the employees with the volunteer time of the seven days in one financial year, grant of almost $10,000to the best volunteers of the financial year donating for the non-profit organisation, an access to the team grants for sporting the volunteer activities of the employees (Salesforce.org, 2016). The resources in the model also help the providing the grant or the donations to the non-profit organisation which is inspired by the communities, technologies, and the employees. In one of the research it was concluded that under the existing practices of the model, it was cleared that three of the areas are there where improvements can be made by the people. These improvements are of the prime importance and are to be a pledge by the companies to share 1 % of the all the three people, products, and money for the growth of the underprivileged communities. Theory of Corporate Philanthropy to Planned Behaviour: Many of the scholars have researched that corporate philanthropy in a great way helps in the companies discriminatory responsibilities.They also tried to discover the relation between the philanthropy and the outcomes which are related to the organisation reputation and the financial profit. Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) gives the foundation which is theoretically based on the model of development which will help in the better understanding of the behaviours related to the corporate philanthropy (Frost and Stone, 2009). Philanthropy as a Strategy: Philanthropy also works as the strategic movement which helps or supports the organisation in improving its strategic position. Sales Force from the founding of the organisation has contributed almost $128+ million grants or more, and around 1.6 million hours for servicing the community and provided the donations of products further 29,000 nonprofits and to the institutions of higher education (Miller, 2008). Corporate philanthropy and the altruism market: Today there is the market of the philanthropic which is also known as a market for altruism here the non-profit organisations, government, and the profit organisations contend with each other for the best. Corporation should treat in the philanthropy when there is anextra advantage over the non-profit corporations and the government (Henderson and Malani, n.d.). The government should also take into consideration certain points while setting tax policyand avoid discrimination between nonprofits and corporations that undertake good work. Conclusion Philanthropy is used this day as the base refers advertising plus the building as well as thepromoting of the position and the image of the organisation. Yet another program like the cause-related sales and marketing where all of the corporate spending are deductible, the organisations do not get any kind of the added advantage for getting indulged in the philanthropy refer their comparison to the various business purposes. The corporations in the present times can use some effort of assisting the non-profit companies to carefully improve the context of the competition. Various companies have also started to use the context focus of the philanthropy which targets the social and the economic benefits. It can be the easiest and the most effective manner so as to improve the competitive market context (Campbell and Slack, 2007). Like, Providing money wise help to the University can be much far more safe and economical as compared to the in-house kind of the training thus as per the bene fits from the philanthropy, these companies are even able to move hand in hand to the non-profit companies. Charity can also help in improving the education and the training.One of the Production Company in Los Angeles in recent times skilled the cluster of individuals who will help them in their production company. Here the Company targeted equally the economic and the social benefits. The social benefit incorporated the enhanced education system and better opportunities for employment for the inferior class and the economic benefit included the individuals especially skilled for such purpose. The initiatives of philanthropy also help in getting better the superiority of the life.Salesforce.org is dedicated to back-up the Nonprofits and Higher-Ed Institutes for finding the most favourable solution related to their needs or requirements. The Goal of the company is to improve the efficiencies, programs, operations and streamline processes, and also to accelerate the overall impact on the organisation. References Campbell, D. and Slack, R. (2007). Corporate "Philanthropy Strategy" and "Strategic Philanthropy": Some Insights From Voluntary Disclosures in Annual Reports.Business Society, 47(2), pp.187-212. Frost, L. and Stone, S. (2009). Community-Based Collaboration: A Philanthropic Model for Positive Social Change.Foundation Rev, 1(1), pp.55-68. Generosity Magazine. (2015).Pledge 1%: Is it the revolution corporate philanthropy has been waiting for? - Generosity Magazine. [online] Available at: https://www.generositymag.com.au/pledge-1-is-it-the-revolution-corporate-philanthropy-has-been-waiting-for/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Henderson, M. and Malani, A. (n.d.). Corporate Philanthropy and the Market for Altruism.SSRN Electronic Journal. Ihl, C. and Vossen, A. (2014). Paying for Philantrophy? The Prosocial Boundaries of Monetary Incentives in Idea Co-creation.Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), pp.15620-15620. Meadows, C. (2004). Philanthropic choice and donor intent: Freedom, responsibility, and public interest.New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 2004(45), pp.95-102. Miller, J. (2008). The ongoing legitimacy project: corporate philanthropy as protective strategy.European Management Review, 5(3), pp.151-164. Pribbenow, P. (2005). Public character: Philanthropic fundraising and the claims of accountability.New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 2005(47), pp.13-27. Salesforce.com. (2016).Integrated Corporate Philanthropy: the 1-1-1 Model- - Salesforce Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.salesforce.com/au/company/salesforceorg/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Salesforce.org. (2016).Pledge 1% - Salesforce.org. [online] Available at: https://www.salesforce.org/pledge-1/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].

Problem solving Assignment free essay sample

Assignment Problem Solving Stimulation At first when I was reading the situation thought about how easy this was going to be to figure out. So I immediately went to the next page and started at it and failed time after time. I thought in my head for a minute on how this seems impossible, no matter one of them is going to eat other. I did exactly what it says not to do when it comes to the first thing to do in interpreting a problem. The first step in solving a problem is called problem representation, which means interpreting or defining the by tempting to leap ahead and try to solve a problem just as it is presented, but this impulse often leads to poor solutions. What I should have done was to use divergent thinking or thinking that involves generating many different possible answers. By doing that it would have led to me thinking of all the different possibilities until I figured out which one was going to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem solving Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I knew that the dog and mouse could be left together that is called convergent thinking or thinking that narrows its focus in a particular direction. So when trying to interpret the problem the strategy I used first was problem representation. After quickly learning that wasn’t going to work I tried convergent thinking. This helped me to figure out how this problem was going to work. I figured out that I was going to have to keep that cat with me since the cat can’t seem to be left alone with either two. It took me a while but sometimes it’s good to take the time to figure out and evaluate a problem before jumping right in and that is exactly what this assignment taught me. I did encounter a few problems while trying to do this activity. I thought for a while how this might be impossible. I think that a lot of time the stress of a problem makes us to make careless mistakes. Also I felt as if this problem was going to simple which also caused me to have obstacles. When I was working through this process at first, like I said before, I thought it would be simple to figure out and that I wouldn’t need to use any thought process. After trying a few times I realized that I was going to have to really think this through to figure out how I could make this work without them killing one another. I feel that this assignment really helped me with understanding better the importance of the thought process when dealing with problems. Sometimes we forget about something so simple that would be so beneficial if we just took a little extra time to do it. I know I do as well as others think we know it all and are smart and that sometimes gets in the way of trying to work through a problem.

Free Essays on Twelfth Night

In "Twelfth Night" William Shakespeare has many relationships that grow all through the play. The most important relationship of these is that of Viola and Orsino. The interaction these characters have is the reason for the complicated conflicts of the play. As the conflict unfolds throughout the play the two characters become friends and lovers rather than the strangers they started as. In the first Act Viola and Orsino's are two complete strangers. In order to get close to Orsino, Viola isn’t honest with him from the beginning and disguises herself as a male page known as Cesario. Because of this, Orsino trust Viola and ends up sending â€Å"Cesario† to announce his love for Olivia. â€Å"O, then unfold the passion of my love. / Surprise her with discourse of my faith.† (Act I, 5, 36-27) The fact that Orsino was able to trust Cesario so quickly is the first example of their relationship growing. This growth is proof of their relationship going from stranger to friend. â€Å"He hath known u but three days, and already you are no stranger.† (Act I, 5, 2-4) In the second act, their relationship begins a new phase. Olivia falls in love with Cesario, which leaves Viola in a predicament between Orsino and Olivia. â€Å"As I am a man, my state is desperate for my master’s love. As I am a woman, (now alas the day!), What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe!† (Act 2, 3, 36-39) Viola is now entangled in a love triangle, yet is able to hide it from Orsino. This triangle becomes part of Viola and Orsino’s relationship in the play. In the fourth scene of act 2, there is an important element in the relationship of Viola and Orsino. Viola is able to blind Orsino’s attention on Olivia by telling him a story of love from Cesario’s sister. With her own interest in mind, Viola asks Orsino if he could love another woman if she loved him as much as he loves Olivia. . "Sooth, but you must. Say that some lady as perhaps there is, hath fo... Free Essays on Twelfth Night Free Essays on Twelfth Night In "Twelfth Night" William Shakespeare has many relationships that grow all through the play. The most important relationship of these is that of Viola and Orsino. The interaction these characters have is the reason for the complicated conflicts of the play. As the conflict unfolds throughout the play the two characters become friends and lovers rather than the strangers they started as. In the first Act Viola and Orsino's are two complete strangers. In order to get close to Orsino, Viola isn’t honest with him from the beginning and disguises herself as a male page known as Cesario. Because of this, Orsino trust Viola and ends up sending â€Å"Cesario† to announce his love for Olivia. â€Å"O, then unfold the passion of my love. / Surprise her with discourse of my faith.† (Act I, 5, 36-27) The fact that Orsino was able to trust Cesario so quickly is the first example of their relationship growing. This growth is proof of their relationship going from stranger to friend. â€Å"He hath known u but three days, and already you are no stranger.† (Act I, 5, 2-4) In the second act, their relationship begins a new phase. Olivia falls in love with Cesario, which leaves Viola in a predicament between Orsino and Olivia. â€Å"As I am a man, my state is desperate for my master’s love. As I am a woman, (now alas the day!), What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe!† (Act 2, 3, 36-39) Viola is now entangled in a love triangle, yet is able to hide it from Orsino. This triangle becomes part of Viola and Orsino’s relationship in the play. In the fourth scene of act 2, there is an important element in the relationship of Viola and Orsino. Viola is able to blind Orsino’s attention on Olivia by telling him a story of love from Cesario’s sister. With her own interest in mind, Viola asks Orsino if he could love another woman if she loved him as much as he loves Olivia. . "Sooth, but you must. Say that some lady as perhaps there is, hath fo... Free Essays on Twelfth Night Twelfth Night - Character study: Malvolio Character study: Malvolio: Did he deserve the punishment that he received? The character Malvolio (meaning literally â€Å"I mean ill will) is immediately affected by the implications of his name. His personage is implied directly to be one of negative and somewhat disagreeable nature, which is continued and supported throughout the play, leading to his downfall and mockery which both initially seem to be thoroughly deserved, due to his numerous defects of personality. The first evidence of Malvolio’s undesirable disposition comes with his own first appearance in the play during which he makes a point of insulting the wit and intelligence of Feste â€Å"I marvel your ladyship takes delight in such a barren rascal†. Through doing this he shows himself to be man who condescends to those that he believes to be lower than him in any way, by acting on his own personal belief of superiority, and this later becomes a major player in his downfall. Initial impressions are supported by further vices in Malvolio’s general character and these lead to further aversion to him. He shows himself to be a strict puritan and this is also suggested by the opinion of Maria â€Å"The devil a puritan that he is†. He denies himself indulgences and pleasure whilst at the same time begrudging these things of others. He makes a point of taking the moral high ground over Maria, Feste and more importantly, his social superior Sir Toby, when he scorns them for their revelries and â€Å"disorders†. This in turn adds to their desire to avenge him and bring him from his level of false authority, back to his true social class of a mere steward at which he is unable to give out orders, but only to receive them. Although he is a man of supposed purity and self-denial in practice, his aspirations are such that he becomes hypocritical. In turn he makes his character one of further malevolence. He secretly longs for t... Free Essays on Twelfth Night Critical Analysis of Twelfth Night William Shakespeare Prà ©cis Characters: Orsino, Duke of Illyria. Is madly in love with Lady Olivia. He is a kind and gentle man. Viola/Cesario, Young girl who has found herself in Illyria after being shipwrecked. She is disguised as a boy to insure her safety in a strange land. Lady Olivia, a young and wealthy aristocrat who falls for the young Cesario. Sebastian, Sebastian is at first believed to perhaps drowned in the shipwreck. He is the fraternal twin to Viola and is mistaken for Cesario. Olivia falls instead for Sebastian , since the siblings resemble each other so much. Sebastian is much more impetuous and emotional than his twin, Viola appears to be. Sir Toby Belch, â€Å"uncle† to Olivia and a chronic drunk. He lives with his niece and amuses himself at Olivia’s house by playing tricks on others. He is basically a con artist. Sir Andrew Aguecheek, A foolish and dense knight who is encouraged by Olivia’s uncle to woo her. Malvolio, Malvolio is an assistant to Olivia and secretly is in love with her. He cannot stand the excessive partying of Sir Toby. Sir Toby uses Malvolio as the butt of one of his pranks. Maria, She is the chambermaid, so to speak, to Lady Olivia. Maria (muh-RYE-uh) is cunning and quite intelligent, as she herself decides to play a trick on Malvolio. Feste, Olivia’s clown/jester who in reality is no fool. He is very intelligent himself. Valentine, attendant to Duke Orsino. Curio, another attendant to Orsino. The roles of chambermaid and attendant were not low stations in life back then. They were of the â€Å"gentleman/woman† stature in society. A sea captain, He is a man who helps Viola with her disguise as a boy and promises not to tell anyone. Antonio, this sea captain aids Sebastian. Viola doesn’t help Antonio in his time of need. This is confu... Free Essays on Twelfth Night Twelfth Night Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the play’s main focus. In this play, Shakespeare shows how much pain love can cause. Characters such as Viola, Olivia, Orsino and Malvolio as well as others are all in love with each other forming a bizarre love connection. In the play, most of the lovers obtain the love they desire except for Malvolio. Malvolio is a steward of Olivia, and is one of the most complex and fascinating characters in Twelfth Night. Malvolio is a very competent servant, but has many shortcomings to his character. He is over protective of Olivia; he is shrewd and enjoys spoiling the fun of others like Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. His imprudence sets him up for torture and ridicule later on in the play. Malvolio has tremendous ambitions to rise out of his social class, and Maria plays on these ambitions to teach Malvolio a lesson about being shrewd. Maria forges a letter from Olivia that leads Malvolio to believe that Olivia i s in love with him. At the close of the play Malvolio is finally made aware of this prank, and he is angered by the fact that he receives no apologies. He utters, â€Å"I’ll be revenged on the whole pack of you† (V, 1374). Malvolio, however, never returns to the play to carry out his threat of revenge. I think this is a major shortcoming to Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. Maria, Feste and Sir Toby torture Malvolio by incarcerating him in a dark room and trying to convince him that he is insane. Malvolio seems more like a victim than a victimizer. Malvolio is the only one in the story, in my opinion, to suffer, and I would like to see him seek revenge on the other characters for his suffering. My version of the play would include a sharp twist of the plot from a comic love story to a dark brutal tragedy of revenge. If I were directing the play I would have Malvolio say, â€Å"I will stab my tormentors to death and play in their blood.† Then,... Free Essays on Twelfth Night Plays are one of the most subtle forms of literature: while a novel reveals almost everything in its text and description, much of a play depends on the matter between the lines, or the behavior and interpretation of the actors who play the roles. And these influences are invisible, unless we examine the context of the play: its sources, the circumstances of its composition and performance. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night is one such play: in examining the works Shakespeare drew on to write the play and evidence about his audience, we can reconstruct many of his intentions in this variegated comedy. Shakespeare's main source, and certainly his most accessible, is the prose tale of "Apolonius and Silla" in Barnabe Riche's Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession (1581). Yet "Apolonius and Silla" itself has sources which Shakespeare may have been able to peruse. The earliest (apart from the Plautine Menaechmi, the origin of many a mistaken-identity plot, including Shakespeare's own Comedy of Errors) is the Italian Gl'Ingannati ("The Deceived Ones"), written and performed at Siena by the Academy of the Intronati in 1531. Shakespeare may well have read that plot (he knew some Latin, after all, so Italian would not have been too much of a stretch), or at least its French incarnation, in the author Pierre de Belleforest's Histoires Tragiques (part IV, no. 59) (1570). (Henry V III.iv certainly proves a passing acquaintance with French.) But Shakespeare's reading list is far less important than what he did with his discoveries. Gl'Ingannati is quite a different work from Twelfth Night: more Plautine farce than romantic comedy. But the similarities and differences between the two do much to reveal the aims of Shakespeare's play. The siblings Fabrizio and Lelia are separated during the sack of Rome in 1527, when Lelia is thirteen years old (a likely source for Viola's father, who died "that day that made my sister thirteen years" (T‚N...

ANALYTICAL PAPER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ANALYTICAL PAPER - Assignment Example Scholars have pointed to the fact that human beings are directly or indirectly responsible for the struggles and volatility inherent in the international system. Human nature as a direct consequence of conflicts in the society has been an issue under scrutiny for decades. This text puts into perspective the state of the international system and components responsible for conflicts. Hans Morgenthau (3) provides critical views concerning the struggle for power and peace in the international system. Morgenthau presents two theories that tend to explain the tendency for conflicts in the world. Morgenthau underscores the fact the nature of international politics is directly correlated to human nature. Two theories present perspectives on the issues of human nature and nature politics. A school of thought notes that human nature is great though it blames the society for non-functionality. Secondly, the society is noted as being imperfect effectively affecting human nature. The variables exposing the facts are limited to individual behavior, although Morgenthau ties the nature of politics to human nature and society (Morgenthaun 24). For instance, human beings have different behaviors depending on the mode of socialization. Human beings are not homogenous in their thoughts and deeds to the extent that they cannot be said to be bound by good moral tendencies. The socialization process of a human being and the inherent idiosyncratic variables determines how a person relates to other people. For instance, drafting a foreign policy document may be done by individuals are driven by their interest which can even be selfish. The agenda of formulating policies must be checked against the guiding principles of moral behavior. In addition, the realist argument that society influences the behavior of people holds a significant amount of truth (Morgenthaun 98). Societies have norms, rules and regulations that determine peoples relationship. If a society is not

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it Essay

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it be Mitigated - Essay Example The most affected are children and teenagers which constitute about 90%. It has also been found that women have a high prevalence rate than men with about 1 in 5 women showing symptoms of eating disorders. Though, the number of male victims has been doubling. With about 5.6% of teenagers dying of eating disorders related illness, this condition qualifies to be an educational problem (Laird & Janet, 2010). Therefore, the choice the topic is relevant for research purposes. Moreover, the worst hit by the condition are school going children. To this end, this research essay seeks to answer three research questions. They are: What are the common types of eating disorders for high school children? What are the causes? How can it be mitigated? In developing the research question, the following procedure was followed. After deciding on the research a topic, an extensive literature review was done after which clear and concise questions were posed. However, the questions are broad and a short research essay may cover the issues comprehensively. The research also relies on the analysis of existing data and information and this may result into unreliable and invalid findings and conclusions. . Since the research concentrates on seeking answers to eating disorders in high school children, it can be classified under explanatory research. This type of research attempts to ask questions why a given phenomena exits or why an occurrence has happened (Gary & Nancy). Many medical authors define eating disorders as a group of psychological condition that alters a person eating habits and behavior. These habits are unhealthy, maladaptive and abnormal in nature. Therefore, the disorder affects both the physical and emotional states of the victims. Although there are many eating disorders, three types are common in high school children namely: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The anorexia nervosa is characterized by maintenance of low body weight brought a bout by too much concern about body weight and shape. The affected students have great fear of becoming fat. This condition is dominant in girls because they are more preoccupied with image than boys. To achieve low weight, the students take food with low calorific value. The symptoms of this condition include: weak body brought by poor nutrition, bone loss and absence of menstruation in girls. It also results into late puberty and stunted growth (Susan, 2008). The second type, bulimia nervosa is characterized by excessive intake of food after short interval followed by compensatory habits such as excessive exercise and induced vomiting. This disorder leads to digestive system problems, dehydration and fatigue. The last type, the binge eating disorder, is simply recurrent large intake of food without practicing compensatory habit. The victims have no control of their condition and in most cases feel ashamed of it. This disorder can cause obesity. Other diseases associated with it ar e diabetes, high blood pressure and stoke. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of eating disorder in an individual. Nevertheless, several factors have been found to cause eating disorders. These range from biological to cultural. However, the later is the main cause of this condition. The problem has got more to do with fashion trend than genetics. Currently, most people in the world associate thinness of body with beauty. The media has propagated this notion by misinforming the public that the starting point to modeling is body size. When a celebrated artist or star supports such a position as in the recent

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king Essay - 3

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king - Essay Example When Wallace was defeated, Bruce became the custodian of Scotland ruling it with Comyn but they later fell out. Robert Bruce was later excommunicated and banished from Scotland, leading to his exile in modern day Northern Ireland. However, Robert Bruce returned and waged a successful war against the English and their rulers, whereby at the Battle of Bannockburn, he defeated the English army that was under the command of Edward II. After this, the Declaration of Independence was made at Arbroath that made Scotland be recognized as an independent nation with Robert Bruce as the king of Scotland. Robert Bruce is considered one of the greatest kings in the history of Scotland as he led them to many victories against their enemies. This king was born of Norman and Celtic ancestries and led the Scots to most of the wars against the English, especially under King Edward I. Notable amongst his many victories is the victory achieved under his rule at Bannockburn in the year 1314, which culminated in the freedom of the Scots from English rule (Brown 2008, p. 1). Due to the supremacy of the English forces over their northern Scottish neighbours, the Scots were continuously humiliated in wars and battles over resources and territories. However, with the rise in the nationalist fervour amongst the Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce, the English were defeated at the Battle of Bannockburn, which marked an important defining moment for Scotland and an evaluation of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a leader. The Battle of Bannockburn is considered the highlight of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a great and exceptional leader in the history of Scotland as he led Scottish forces to a major defeat against the English troops (Spiers 2011, p. 7). As at 1313, Robert Bruce had demanded that the remnants of the Balliol regime acknowledge him as the absolute king of the Scotland as well as surrender their

Differences between Macro and Micro sociology

Differences between Macro and Micro sociology Explain the differences between Macro and Micro sociology. Identify some of the key sociological approaches in both areas. Which do you think is more useful for studying society and why? Giddens (1989) defines sociology in the following way: Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behaviour as social beings. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes. Sociology is a significant subject so it is almost impossible to know all its aspect, it is only possible to learn how to apply sociological imagination , that is why all the sociological  theories may be broadly  divided into macro and  micro approaches, which will be deeper discussed and considered from each angle in this essay. Macro sociology studies social structures, communities, big social groups, layers, systems and processes that occur in them. The social community such as civilization is the main objective of macro sociology. It is not focused on detailed analysis of certain problems and situations; its target is a complex understanding of the issue. Macro sociological approach to phenomena is associated with the social world systems and its interaction with different types of culture, social institutions (complex social forms), social structures and global processes. Mainly macro sociology concentrates on the models of behavior that help to understand society as a whole. The main concepts of macro sociology are: society, culture, social institutions, social system, structure and also global social processes. Macro sociologists argue that society is in a more priority than individual as his behavior is formed by society he was born and brought up in. Macro sociology includes several important sociolo gical perspectives such as: functionalism that focuses on relationship between the parts of society and how aspects of society are functional and Conflict Theory which main focus is competition for scarce resources and how the elite control the poor and weak. Micro sociology  is one of the main branches of  sociology, examining the nature of everyday human  social interactions  and  agency  on a small scale. Micro sociology is based on interpretative analysis rather than statistical or empirical observation. It includes a theory of Symbolic interactionism that focuses on the use of symbols and face-to-face interactions. Micro sociology appeared in the late 30s of this century and had another name sociometry. This term is associated with Jacob L. Moreno, who was a  Jewish  Romanian-born  Austrian-American  leading  psychiatrist, sociologist, thinker and  educator. During his lifetime, he was recognized as one of the leading social scientists. Sociometry has got very original research methods, which are widely used as  a general scientific  tool  in  various  social  studies. For Moreno three the most important concepts of the sociometry were: socius companion, metrum measurement and drama action. Mor eno (1948) defines sociometry as the inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of individuals within them.  For  Moreno  and  other  representatives of  sociometry the main  object of  research  is an existing small  social groups and the most  important,  what  characterizes these social groups is  the peoples emotional  relationship  with each other that is  forming  an atomistic  structure of  society. Simple  observations are not  able to  capture these  relationships,  but  they can  be  identified by  using specific  measurement methods,  particularly survey  techniques  and processing of data. For example: sociometric tests, sociomatrices and sociograms. This  technique allows  detecting the  actual  situations of conflict  and  efforts  to eliminate them. The creation of sociometry has importantly contributed to the sociology and is considered to be one of the most si gnificant achievements of sociology as a science for the entire period of its existence.  The introduction of quantitative methods in sociology considerably transformed it and allowed to study with unprecedented accuracy.  One of the most significant consequences of creation of the micro sociology has become the increase of interest and opportunities for social research in the study of various problems of human existence with the use of quantative methods and modern computer technologies. Functionalists mainly  focus on the  macrostructures  of society,  but representatives  of symbolic  interactionism  are usually  more concerned about micro aspects  of social life. Also they argue that micro sociology is more useful for studying society. For instance  John  H.Mead and  H.  Blumer  studied the  social  interaction  of individuals  and  speculated  how  they manage to  coordinate their actions with each other. The Representatives of symbolic interactionism emphasize the fact that people are social beings.  However, in comparison with ants, bees, termites and other insects, that are leading a social life, people almost do not have any inherent models of behavior that connect us with each other. Consequently,  if people have essentially no inherent nature of the mechanisms of social behaviuor it is not clear how society can be created.  Representatives of symbolic interactionism find the answer in the ability of people to communicate through the symbols. Geogre Herbert Meed (1863-1931) and other representatives of symbolic interactionism state that we perform an act by conforming to the meaning we put in it. Generally Blumer states that the meaning is not something initially related to the things, on the contrary, it is characteristic which emerges from the interaction between people in their everyday life. In other  words, social  reality  is created  by people  when they  act  in this  world and  interpret  events  occurring in  it. Nietzsches 1880s notebooks repeatedly state that there are no facts, only interpretations. We  choose the  facts  from the  universal  context  by  the activity  of our  brain , and  because of that all  the facts  are the creations  of a man.  Accordingly, representatives of  symbolic  interactionism  believe  that  we perceive the world  as  constructed  reality. All  this leads  representatives  of symbolic interactionism  to the conclusion  that  if  sociologists  want to  study the  life  of society, they must first understand the  words  and actions of  members of  this society,  taking  their  point  of view.  This  theory  was largely  influenced by  Weberian  concept  of understanding  (Verstehen) or empathetic understanding. This gives an opportunity to the sociologists to mentally put themselves into the other persons shoes and thus obtain an interpretive understanding of the meanings of individuals behaviours. To conclude, the advantage  of this approach  is that  it  introduces the  people in the  panorama of  sociological research.  It  pays  attention  to  the activities  of individuals  in  their  daily  lives and  sees that the  people  are not robots that mechanically carry out the orders of social rules and institutional norms  but beings that are  living  their  lives  and have got and ability to  think. Through interaction, they operate on symbols and meanings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that enable them to interpret the situation, assess the advantages and disadvantages of certain actions and then choose one of them.  Thus, representatives of symbolic interactionism suggest the image of a man as an individual, actively shaping his behavior, rather than passively reacting to external dictates of structural limitations.

The Harlem Renaissance :: American History

Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. Also known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then faded in the mid-1930s. The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and that African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. Primarily music, theater, art, and politics. The Harlem Renaissance emerged amid social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community in the early 20th century. Several factors laid the groundwork for the movement. A black middle class had developed by the turn of the century, fostered by increased education and employment opportunities following the American Civil War (1861-1865). During the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of black Americans moved from an economically depressed rural South to industrial cities of the North to take advantage of the employment opportunities created by World War I. As more and more educated and socially conscious blacks settled in New York's neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the political and cultural center of black America. Equally important, during the 1910s a new political agenda advocating racial equality arose in the African American community, particularly in its growing middle class. Championing the agenda were black historian and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was founded in 1909 to advance the rights of blacks. This agenda was also reflected in the efforts of Jamaican-born black nationalist Marcus Garvey, whose "Back to Africa" movement inspired racial pride among blacks in the United States. African American literature and arts had begun a steady development just before the turn of the century. In the performing arts, black musical theater featured such accomplished artists as songwriter Bob Cole and composer J. Rosamond Johnson, brother of writer James Weldon Johnson. Jazz and blues music moved with black populations from the South and Midwest into the bars and cabarets of Harlem. In literature, the poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar and the fiction of Charles W. Chesnutt in the late 1890s were among the earliest works of African Americans to receive national recognition. By the end of World War I the fiction of James Weldon Johnson and the poetry of Claude McKay anticipated the literature that would follow in the 1920s by describing the reality of black life in America and the struggle for racial identity.

Response to Text Carlitos Way

Response to Text: Carlitos Way The film Carlito’s Way directed by Brian De Palma uses visual and verbal techniques to show the idea of world of crime. The main aspects of world of crime are loyalty, betrayal and can’t escape your past are all shown in the film. Together visual and verbal techniques are used to show the main idea of the film which is world of crime. An important idea in the film Carlito’s Way is the idea of loyalty. Loyalty is shown throughout the film by Carlito to his friends. Carlito played by Al Pacino shows loyalty to his friend Dave played by Sean Penn when he is going on the boat to help get Tony T out of Prison.The verbal technique dialogue is used to show the idea of loyalty. When Carlito is on the boat with Frank Tony T’s son Frank asks Carlito, â€Å"is this guy a friend of yours,† and Carlito replies ,â€Å"Yea, He’s a friend of mine,† this shows that Carlito is loyal to Dave even though they are in a situat ion where Carlito could go back to Prison, or worse he could die. Brian De Palma has used dialogue to show that in the world of crime loyalty is a big idea and when people are loyal to their friends then they will do anything for them even if it is a danger to their life.This show the Audience that Carlito is loyal to Dave for getting him out prison and feels that he owes Dave and he will pay him back in any way. This also shows in the world of crime you must also pay people back when you owe them. I’ve learnt from this that in the World of Crime I should be loyal to my Friends no matter what situation I am in. Another important idea in Carlito’s Way is the idea, can’t escape your past. The idea of can’t escape your past is shown by Carlito when he has just hit Benny Blanco down the stairs and is shown through the visual technique and verbal technique of lighting and voiceover.When Carlito is standing at the top of the stairs about to hit Benny Blanco the lighting on his face is red which shows Carlito’s dark and bloody past, he then hits Benny and there is a voiceover of Carlito saying â€Å"Dumb move, man. Dumb move. But it's like them old reflexes coming' back. † this reinforces the idea of can’t escape your past because that is what Carlito used to do in his past. Brian De Palma uses these to show that when you have got into the World of Crime you can’t escape even when you want to.This shows the Audience that you can’t escape the world of crime even if you want to start fresh as it will always drag you back in. I have learnt from this that you shouldn’t get in to the world of crime in the first place as you will never be able to get out of it once you are in, even if you try to get out. Another important idea in Carlito’s Way is the Idea of betrayal. This idea is the most important as it would be the most common in the world of crime. It doesn’t matter who is going to betr ay you, it could be your best friend or a family member they can still betray you if they think it’s going to benefit them.The idea of betrayal is shown by Pachanga when he betrays Carlito to Benny Blanco and is shown through the verbal feature Dialogue. When Carlito is at the train station and about to board the train Benny Blanco shows up and shoots him, Pachanga then comes and says ,â€Å"Hey no hard feelings Carlito. But I got to think about my future, too. You know, it is that way sometimes, papi. Come on, let's go,† Benny then says, â€Å"No you stay here,† and then kills Pachanga because he is no more use to Benny.Brian De Palma uses this feature to show that in the world of crime Carlito can be betrayed by anybody even one of his closest friends. This also shows that in the World of Crime someone can betray you just because they need to make some money and that it doesn’t matter if you have been friends your whole life. This shows the audience tha t betrayal is very common in the world of crime and can come from anywhere even your closest friends. I have learnt from this that in the world of crime you should trust no one as you don’t know who could betray you.In conclusion the visual and verbal features such as dialogue, lighting and voice over are all used to show the ideas of can’t escape your past, betrayal and loyalty which are all in the World of Crime. All the techniques together can show the viewer the ideas about betrayal and how anyone can betray you in the world of crime, the idea of loyalty and how you should be loyal to your friends in the World of Crime no matter what situation you are in and the idea of you can’t escape your past and when you get into the World of Crime you can’t get out even if you want to.Brian De Palma used these visual and verbal features to show the audience the world of crime and how it affects you in life. I have also learnt from this film that you should be lo yal to your friends but also be wary because betrayal could come from any direction whether it is friend or family and eventually your past can catch up with you.

Reducing Exposure To Chemicals essays

Reducing Exposure To Chemicals essays Organic food is grown using the practices and philosophies of organic agriculture. No synthetic pesticides are used. Choosing organically produced foods lowers the risk of getting various forms of cancer and other illnesses. Children are more prone to the harms of pesticides than adults are. Ingesting organic foods reduce the intake of unsafe synthetic chemicals. Many synthetic pesticides cause cancer, disrupt hormones, harm the nervous or immune systems, and cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, lungs, and digestive tract. Pesticides are usually tested individually though the population is exposed to many chemicals at a time. The reactions between combinations of chemicals are rarely tested. Exposure to mixtures of pesticides is predominantly worrying. One chemical may initiate the conversion of another chemical into a harmful, active form. Some combinations may depress the immune system leaving the body more susceptible to disease. Alarming evidence shows increased birth defects, reduced sperm counts, and impaired sexual development. Children are more susceptible to pesticide risks than adults are. Currently, legal residues (amounts of pesticides allowed by Health and Welfare Canada to remain on food) are calculated with adults in mind. However, children consume more food per kilogram of body weight than adults, their metabolisms and behavior are different. By age five, millions of children have ingested up to thirty-five percent of their entire lifetime dose of some carcinogenic pesticides. Children are also more vulnerable to ingested pesticides because their nervous system is not fully developed and their immature digestive tract absorbs toxic chemicals more readily. The average pre-schooler eats six times the amount of fruit and fruit products (the most likely to be contaminated) than an adult woman. Consequently, the average child receives four times more exposure than an adult to eight (of sixty-six id...

Breakfast Cereals in Uk 07 Essays

Breakfast Cereals in Uk 07 Essays Breakfast Cereals in Uk 07 Essay Breakfast Cereals in Uk 07 Essay Breakfast Cereals in United Kingdom 2007 Introduction: Aim: The aim of this report is to discuss whether The change of macroeconomic situation is an opportunity or threat for United Kingdom’s breakfast cereal industry. Compare the external microenvironment that affects firms in which breakfast cereal industry operates with the help of PEST analysis. To evaluate the operational strategy that affects the level of competitive environment in an industry using Porter’s five force model. Why I chose this industry: Cereals are a great start to the day. â€Å"Breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dine like a pauper. By Adelle Davis Like most proverb says, this one hold more than a gram of truth. Breakfast cereals are certainly the most important meal of the day. It is a time when we ‘Break the Fast’ of the night, which can be anything up to 10 or 12 hours. The nutritional benefits of breakfast, facts suggest that this important meal provide a number of ot her benefits to give us the best start of the day. Breakfast cereals industry is diverse and has come up with new exciting flavors. There is an increase in the market with consumption of oats, muesli and high- fiber cereals, since 2002. Without doubt, health is the key factor that drives the expansion of the industry and consumption. This is one of the most growing industries despite the market is saturated and that cereals have been facing increasingly fierce pressure from alternatives, such as cereals bars and croissants. The breakfast cereal in United Kingdom has also grown in value terms increasing by an estimated 9. 5% between 2002 and 2006, to ? 1. 23bn at retail selling prices (RSP) reflecting the growth in volume and the shift towards premium – price products. There has been offset to some extent by aggressive price discounting by the major multiples. Some cereals have also come under fierce attack for their allegedly high sugar, fats and salt contents. In addition, they have placed more emphasis on their brands health credentials, and new product development (NPD) has followed this trend. The market appears to be very strong, and has healthy image, are convenient to use and are already a well-established item in most peoples kitchens. However, they should continue to be beneficiaries of the two major trends influencing food and drinks markets, not just in the UK but around the world - namely demand for healthy and convenient products. Boundaries: As the topic of this easy is analyzing the breakfast cereals industry in United Kingdom, emphasis is on the source related to United Kingdom’s environment during the process of collecting materials. The data statistics reports given was collected were one or two years before. There was no much reports available for reference. Moreover, the materials collected in this research are secondary data. To analyse the market efficiently primary report has to be used. Industry Sector: Sector introduction: The cereal market has managed a strong level of growth in the market volume and values in United Kingdom since 2000. The breakfast cereals market has grown over ? 1,090 million (2002) to ? 1,280 million (2007) with over 95% of house stock breakfast cereals [23,24]. There is a strong growth of 17% in the size of household penetration over last five years [23]. The volume of consumption of the cereals has been 432,000 tonnes in 2007 with a growth of just 7% over this period [23,1,2,3,4]. Over 87% of the household consume breakfast cereals twice every weekday. There are reports, which say that United Kingdom is the second highest global consumer of Breakfast cereals, [24]. This has occurred due to strong permiumisation in the market, as there is higher value of products launched. There is always demand for products that delivery high taste and quality with health as superior, [23]. The revolution towards healthy eating has been used by the breakfast cereal manufacturers, who make use of their intrinsic healthiness of their products and there by widening the scientific evidence to support the eating of breakfast cereal. The manufacturers are stressing about their health credentials on packs (like fiber, calories, vitamins, minerals, wholegrain and super food), so that the message reaches the increasing target audiences. However, the hot cereals accounts for only 12% of the market had seen strong until 2006 driven by the growing consumers’ interest in oats, [23]. Therefore, the hot cereals have launches a number of oats based cold cereals, which include oatibix, oatsmore, and cheerios oats, which now have taken over the hot cereals market. There is an ongoing development in the eating on the go and snacking market has played an important part in the growth of the industries. PEST Analysis: The PEST analysis is an analysis of the external microenvironment that affects all firms in which a business operates. The PEST is an ellipsis for the Political, Economic, Social, and technological factors of the external macro environment. These factors usually are beyond the control of firm’s but sometime become threat for the firm itself. This analysis is important when developing a product, business or strategy planning. POLITICAL: This arena will have huge influence depending on the regulation of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Many political factors affect this industry as it deals with the foods. There are many basic regulations for the food industries but here there are only few important laws and regulations that have been discussed. ACFM Statement on salt: Members of the Association of Cereal Food Manufacturers* (ACFM) have announced a significant 38% reduction in salt which contain an average of 0. 36g of sodium per 100g, which equates to less than 5% of the average adult daily intake. Now, the Breakfast Cereals manufactures are leading the way in product reformulation such as salt reduction and clear nutritional labeling through Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs). [24 ] ACFM Statement on sugars: The European Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 stated that product which says as Low Sugar must contain 5g/100g total sugars. Green colour coding for breakfast cereals should be criterion. The regulation also requires the statement â€Å"contains naturally occurring sugars† if the product have natural sugar and if the manufacturer claims no added sugar. These information should be provided in the core of the signpost with the colour coding, which was recommended for each. However, it suggested that cereals that have no added sugar, like fruit muesli, could be excluded from the recommended signposting categories. [24, 26]. The colour code for sugars, Green if total sugars are less than or equal to 5g/100g. The colour Amber if total sugar exceeds 5g/100g and added sugars are less than 12. 5g/100g. The Red colour denoted if added sugars are more than 12. 5g/100g. Fortification Breakfast Cereals: New regulation on food fortification 1925/2006/EC in 2007 for foods, which should be voluntary fortification (breakfast cereals) not for foods that are subjected to mandatory fortification. The recommendation is based on the nutritionists, who says that the breakfast should be provide 20 -25% of daily requirements. The fortified breakfast cereals are more likely to meet their daily requirements of essential vitamins and minerals. For instance, there should be around 20% of total iron, 15% of folic acid, 14% of vitamin B1, 13% of vitamin B6, 15% of riboflavin and 10% of niacin. 24, 27]. ACFM position on Food Labelling – Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA): The Association of Cereal Food Manufacturers have supports the government objectives along with the Food Standards Agency, to provide clear information on the nutritional labeling by implementing the use of Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA’s). Thereby giving the consumer clear informationâ€℠¢s on the nutritional contents in their foods so that they know what they eat, [24,12]. ECONOMIC: The success of breakfast cereals is due to penetration and frequency of usage is high, with more than half of consumer eat cereals at least once each day, [9,10]. As they are well-established market with big brands and huge marketing budgets. The market is a matured due to the popularity that keeps the cereals market sales persistently high. The breakfast cereals are facing increasing pressure from alternatives, such as cereal bars and croissants, [16]. The increasing usage has been the focus of growing market (Kellogg’s challenge, weetabix- more than cereal consumption). They have placed more emphasis on their brands health credentials, and new product development (NPD) has followed this trend. The market is very stable in terms of brand shares and suppliers. There is growing demand for the cereals globally, have increased the price of breakfast cereals and farmers are turning the land over to the production of bio-fuel. The increase in raw materials prices is due to erratic change in the weather and crop damage is becoming common with poor harvest. This have pushed the retail selling price (RSP) of cereals in United States, there by rising the price of breakfast cereals at the point of sales in United Kingdom, [23,17]. The manufacturer has to focus on the production values (such as provenance, organic and even fair trade) to shape the future direction of the market. The survey done by BMRB (British Market Research Bureau) International Ltds Target Group Index (TGI) that cold breakfast cereals remain a family favorites. In 2006, around 86% of adults had eaten cold breakfast cereals over the past 12 months, which is an extremely high rate of household penetration. Hot cereals recorded a much lower level of household penetration than cold cereals, but, at 49. 4% of adults, but the penetration rate was still impressive, [28]. Socio cultural: The breakfast cereals was initial targeted for school going children, aged 11 – 18 years, as they tend to skip their breakfast. This breakfast cereal was successful as they can meet their 20% daily nutrition requirement from their breakfast. Then when the market became saturated, they targeted the ageing population as they have time to have breakfast. They normally do not skip their meal to keep their weight down. These group are health concerning, and these consumer are more keen towards wholesome, unadulterated food with no artificial ingredients rather than light or diet version. As this market is moving towards saturation, the manufacturers are now focusing on the whole family, to get more members of the family eating together. The premiumisation to continue with future consumer’s trends, where health drives both sales and new product development, as there is a growth in sale in the saturated market by increasing spends per head, [5,6,7,11]. The concern on health has put pressure on the manufacturers to reduce salts, sugar, fats and other additives from the cereals. There are several high profile TV programs like Dispatches: The Truth about Your Food and the Consumer Group which? ave identified that breakfast cereals was high in sugar and fats. However, the breakfast cereals manufacturers have acted proactively than other food industries to reformulating their existing product brand and lowering their hidden sugars, fats and salts contents. The manufacturers are now launching new naturally healthier products with sophisticated recipes and health claim s such as high fibers, whole grains, adding dries fruits, supper foods (Jordan’s and Dorset’s Cereals), pre- and probiotic functional ingredients, and organic foods. Many ethical issues concern with the breakfast cereals have arisen concerns over the products. These breakfast fast cereals contain high level of sugars, salts and fats than the recommended level. About three-quarters of cereals had high level of sugar, a fifth had high level of salt and more than 7% of cereals had high level of saturated fat. The breakfast cereals that target the children contain 88% of sugar coated, 13% of salt and 10% of fats. Now the manufacturer is reformulating their product due to increase media criticism by reducing their sugar and salt contains. FSA nutrient profiling and Ofcom Advertising Ban: The FSA launched a nutrient profiling model in April 2007, which was designed to tighten the rules on television advertising to children of foods high in fats, saturated fats, salt and sugar. this Ban on the advertising provoked uproar in the food industry as it was established as this would affect around 80% of cereals, so this banned was softened with some parameters and changing the guidelines for sugars, treating natural sugars and processed sugars. Thus, they changed their target to focus overall family, [23]. Increasing frequency of usage: There is an increase frequency of usage of cold breakfast cereals, which is at 87%, but there are still 13% consumers, who do not prefer having breakfast cereals, [23]. There is still an opportunity to convert the non-user into market and existing consumer to premium options, sourcing provenance-assured, organic and fair trade ingredients, and making favorites healthier will encourage the consumer to trade up. However, communicating these information and benefits to the target consumer will be vital. The other way of improving the frequency of usage will be to increase the occasion through handy/expediency solutions,[9,10]. The overall strategy of the manufacturers is increase the frequency of usage and there by increasing the amount spend on cereals eventually increasing their market value. Attitude and behaviour: There is a strong growth experienced by the hot cereal sector with a growth of 30% at the current price during last forecast period. It is also predicted that there would be a high volume growth in hot cereal sector by 10% when compared to Ready to eat (RTE) cereals, which would be only 2%. Currently there is an increase in the consumption of hot cereal sector, and with 50%, penetration there is still a good potentional for the future growth, [23]. The hot cereals experience both dip in the volume and value of sales in 2007, this is due to strong competition with oats cereals in the Ready to eat sector and the supermarkets bringing out there new cereals with low Retail selling price (RSP). However, in the market â€Å"well know brand† is top factor looked, when shopping for cereals is concerned which is unlikely to be effected. There is a slower growth within the RTE sectors, with 19% steady growth predicted at the current price for last forecast period, [23,5]. Technological Factors: There is tough competition within the industry, so the manufactures need to formulate new products to attract their target consumer and to increase there market share before they decline. The breakfast cereals industry have tried to come out with artificial sweeteners like isomalt. The isomalt, which is an artificial sweetener that would replace sugars in a 1:1 ratio in breakfast cereals. The isomalt is unique in its nutritional and hysiological benefits that make it ideal for use in sugar free, tooth friendly, low-calories and low glycemic products. The isomalt is the only sugar replaces made from the sugar beet that taste as naturally sweet as sugar, [29,30]. Evaluation of Competitive Nature of the Breakfast Cereal Industry: In the above there was an overview on the breakfast cereal industry, now in this there are three majo r competitor that are going to be compared. Even though the market is highly consolidated, with Kellogg, Weetabix and Cereal Partners which markets the Nestle brand in the UK. While, the Weetabix remains the top-selling ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal, followed by Kelloggs Corn Flakes, Crunchy Nut Corn Flakes and Special K, with Nestle’s Shreddies taking fifth spots. There is an introduction about the major competitors: Weetabix: The weetabix food company established since 1932, they also create delicious breakfast cereals using finest ingredients. Since then they have produce many popular cereal brands, which include weetabix, weetaflakes, weetabix minis, weetos, Alpen and Ready Brek, as well as being a major supplier of generic cereals under supermarket own labels, [20]. They are officially the UK’S favorite breakfast, who accounts about 8% of the country’s total cereal sales with annual sales worth over ? 89 million. They also export over 80 countries worldwide, from Middle East and South America to Europe and South East Asia. They also sponsor for Weetabix Women’s British Open Golf Tournament in 2007, [23, 20, 33]. Kellogg’s: William Keith Kellogg established the company in 1906. in 1950s, Kellogg’s introduced anew range of products to cater for differing taste of family, but without compromising its principle of health, balance and nutrition. Reformulating is a key part of Kellogg’s health strategy. They have set up new system to ensure that their products are healthy, which is called Kellogg’s Global Nutrient Criteria. The product states that no cereals will have more than 200 calories, 2 grams of saturated fat, 230g of sodium and 12 grams of sugar per serving. They are also eliminating all tran’s fats. They claim that reformulations should be noticeable and will take place across their range in2007 and 2008. They have also introduced global limits on their use of licensed characters on packs, in advertising and in food forms, in June 2007. They changed coco pops advertising to focus more on the product and removed the frosties websites, with users now redirected to a non-branded educational websites called Heaadstarters, [23,31]. Cereal Partners markets the Nestle brand: Cereal partners UK are part of cereal partners worldwide, a joint venture between nestle and general mills. They sell a number of popular cereals brands under nestle brand, which includes shredded wheat, shreddies, cheerios and fitnesse. All their products are made from whole grains and easy to identify, wholegrain green band on all their packing. They introduced a new range called Oats More in April, which was used to supported by the â€Å"studies show you’ll like it† advertising campaign, [23,32]. Porters 5 Forces Analysis: The porters five forcer helps to analysis the force, which affects the level of competitive environment in an industry. This is a simple tool but powerful to understand where the power lies in business situation. This tool tends to focus on the single, stand alone, business or SBU (Strategic Business Unit) rather than a single product or range of products. The analysis looks at five competitive forces jointly the intensity of the industries competition and profitability, they are the threat of entry, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry, which reflects the fact that competition in an industry goes beyond the established players. Competitive Rivalry: The competitive rivalry will be those in which entry is likely substitute threaten and buyers or suppliers exercise control over the organizations. The competitive rivalry has increased as the supermarket has also introduced their branded breakfast cereals along with the top brand like Kellogg’s, weetabix and cereal partners (Nestle). Even then, the consumer prefers getting top branded cereals, where they are more health concisions. Understanding their consumer’s needs, Kellogg’s reformulates their products to reduce the salt, sugar and fats, there by making them healthier for consumption, [22]. They also invent new product developments under same brand name, thereby increasing their product range for the consumers needs. Weetabix on other hand have wide range of cold oats based cereals and Cereal partner’s (Nestle) have wide range of cereals, which would be sufficient to serve a huge markets,[21,19]. Buying Power: Buying power is wide-ranged. The cost of switching from one breakfast cereal to another is very low, as it depend on the consumer whether they are satisfied with the breakfast cereals that they consume. Kellogg’s, weetabix and cereal partner (nestle) have control over their buyers as they cater to different needs of the consumers and have direct contacts with their buyers,[15]. However, it is easy for the buyers to drive down the price of the breakfast cereals by just moving from brand to another to satisfy their health needs. Power of Supplier: The power of suppliers was dependent on the suppliers. The suppliers are the farmers in this case; there is a huge rise in the price of the cereals that is grown. Due to erratic weather change, damage crops and lands turning into bio fuel production area. These factors have affected the cost of the breakfast cereals, which come into market to consumption. Kellogg’s, weetabix and cereal partners (Nestle) have no control over their suppliers, as they dictate the price range of the cereals that is cultivated. Many small suppliers that are involved, thus there would be no huge control over the manufacturers. The government plays an important role in the raw materials selected to make breakfast cereals as they consumed more by the target consumers. Threat of substitutes: This is affected by the ability of the consumers to find different substitute for the particular product. The threat of substitute is quite high in the reakfast cereal industries as they have reached the matured stage of the market but there is always demand for the products. The cereal bars and croissants industries would replace the breakfast cereals in future, as they have started to capture the consumers’ attentions, [16]. Thus, Kellogg’s and Cereal Partner (Nestle) have introduced cereal bars as their product line so they do not loose their market to the substitutes. These product lines will also help the product to be well recognized by the consumer among other competitors. The Threat of Entry: The threat of entry deals with the powers, which is affected by the ability of new competitor to enter your market. The threat of entry is very low, as it would take a long time and huge find to establish themselves among the consumers. As the three major competitors that are considered in this analysis are Kellogg’s, weetabix and cereal partners (Nestle’s). The Kellogg’s keeps developing range of products, which account to ? 1. 1 billion; cereal partner owns ? 1. 1 billion and weetabix with ? 89 million cereals market, [34, 35, 33]. Therefore, for any new small venture company it is difficult to for them to get established into giant firms. Mintel forecasts that there would be a continuous growth for total breakfast cereal market, 20% at current price from 2007 – 2012, resulting in an estimated worth of ? 1. 5 billion. Avoiding the effects of inflation on food real growth is shown to be slightly lower to 10%. Value growth is set to continue but at a much lower rate than value, [13,14]. CONCLUSION: The breakfast cereals have a huge demand in the market as it caters to the taste of the consumer (health). The trend towards the healthy eating continues, consumers are increasingly looking forward for a â€Å"healthier start† to the day. This has resulted in strong growth at the luxury premium end of the market, as consumer trade up cereals contain wholegrain, dried fruits, super food and functional ingredients. There is only around 13% of the market, which do not consume cereals, to target these group there should be new product introduced to cater their needs. Even though the market of breakfast cereals is saturated there is always been a growing demand. The success of frequency promoting campaign have pushed volume growth over the last two years, as consumer start to eat cereal more than once a day and occasional buyer start to eat cereal each day, [18]. The branded products continue to dominate the cereal markets as the consumer trust brands and often finds the quality and taste of own label product inferior to that of branded. In a established market with high penetration and frequency of consumption, brand loyalty is high as the manufacturer allocates a significant amount of marketing spend in developing a long term relationship between the consumer base and their cereal brands. Ready to eat cereals have biggest brands and the largest amount of shelf space given over to them. Evaluation of tools / Limitation: The evaluation of tools / limitation in the pest analysis and porters five forces gives an idea, which is better than the other is to be discussed below: Pest Analysis: This deals with the whole industry as such and it may be difficult to forecast on the future trends about the industries. This analysis gives overall information on the industry that can help in understanding the macro environment of the industry. They deal with all the manufacturer of that particular industry and gives wider knowledge of them. They are potential risk in the market, conducted and regular basis. Porter’s five forces: in this care should be taken that the models is not underestimated or underemphasize the importance of the strength of the organization (inside out strategy). The model helps to analysis individual business strategies, as it does not cope with interdependencies within the range of large companies. From the theoretical perspective, the model does not address the possibilities that an industry could be attractive due to certain companies are in it. The environments, which are characterized by rapid, systemic and radical change, require more flexible, dynamic or evolving approach to formulate the strategy. The strength of this analysis is that its as strong tool for competitive analysis at industry level and provides useful inputs for performing Swot analysis. APPENDICES Appendix 1: UK retail sales of breakfast cereals, 2002-07 000 tonnesIndex? mIndex? m at 2002 pricesIndexâ‚ ¬mIndex 20024041001,0901001,0901001,734100 20034091011,1171021,1031011,61593 20044151031,1431051,1221031,68597 20054191041,1691071,1341041,71099 20064241051,2161121,1551061,784103 2007 (est. )4321071,2801171,1951101,895109 Source: Mintel Appendix 2: UK retail volume and value sales of breakfast cereal, by type, 03-07 200320052007 (est)% change% change m%? m%? m%2003-052005-07 RTE cereal1,049941,084931,195933. 310. 2 Hot cereal686857857250. 0 Total1,1171001,1691001,2801004. 79. 5 000 tonnes %000 tonnes%000 tonnes% change 03- 05% change 05- 07 RTE cereal3668936988380880. 83. 0 Hot cereal43114912511214. 04. 1 Total4091004191004311002. 42. 9 Data have been revised since the last report . Source: Mintel Appendix 3: UK retail volume and value sales of RTE cereal, 2002-07 000 tonnesIndex? mIndex? m at 2002 pricesIndexâ‚ ¬mIndex 20023651001,0241001,0241001,629100 20033661001,0491021,0361011,51693 20043681011,0701041,0501031,57797 20053691011,0841061,0511031,58697 0063721021,1291101,0721051,656102 2007 (est)3801041,1951171,1161091,769109 Source: mintel Appendix 4: UK retail sales of breakfast cereals, 2002-12 Current pricesAt 2007 prices 000 tonnesIndex? mIndex? mIndex 2002404941,090851,16791 2003409951,117871,18192 2004415961,143891,20194 2005418971,169911,21495 2006424981,216951,23797 2007 (est)4311001,2801001,280100 20084301001,3221031,300102 20094351011,3851081,336104 20104371011,4301121,364107 20114401021,4821161,389109 20124421031,5361201,414110 % change 2002-0771710 % change 2007-1232010 Source: mintel Appendix 5: UK population changes, by age and socio-economic status,02-12 Source: National Statistics/GAD/Mintel Appendix 6: Agreement with selected lifestyle statements, 2003-07 Base: adults aged 15+ 2003200520072005-07 %%%% point change Agree: I often skip meals to keep my weight down15. 114. 014. 6-0. 5 Taken from the TGI survey of around 25,000 adults Source: GB TGI, BMRB Q4 2003-07/Mintel Agreement with selected lifestyle statements, 2003-07 Base: adults aged 15+ 2003200520072003-07 %%%% point change Any agree: I am prepared to pay more for foods that dont contain artificial additives34. 843. 545. 8+11 I consider my diet to be very healthy38. 641. 544. 1+5. Appendix 7: Agreement with selected lifestyle statements on food, 7-10s, 03-07 Base: youths aged 7-10 200320052007 %%% Agree: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day56. 756. 863. 5 Taken from the youth TGI survey of around 6,000 youths aged 7-19 Source: Youth TGI, BMRB Autumn 2003-07/Mintel Agreement with selected lifestyle statements on food, 11-14s, 2003-07 Base: youths aged 11-14 2003200 52007 %%% Agree: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day57. 357. 665. 7 Taken from the youth TGI survey of around 6,000 youths aged 7-19 Source: Youth TGI, BMRB Autumn 2003-07/Mintel Appendix 8: Demographic change: UK retail volume and value sales of RTE cereal, 2002-12 Current pricesAt 2007 prices 000 tonnesIndex? mIndex? mIndex 2002365961,024861,09792 2003366961,049881,10993 2004368971,070901,12494 2005369971,084911,12694 2006372981,129941,14896 2007 (est)3801001,1951001,195100 20083791001,2301031,210101 20093831011,2891081,243104 20103831011,3291111,268106 20113851011,3761151,290108 20123861021,4251191,312110 % change 2002-074179 % change 2007-1221910 Source: mintel UK retail volume and value sales of hot cereal, 2002-12 Current pricesAt 2007 prices 000 tonnesIndex? mIndex? Index 2002397666787183 2003438468807285 2004479273867790 200549968510088104 2006521028710288104 2007 (est)511008510085100 200851999110790106 2009521029611393109 20105310510111996113 20115510710612499116 201256110111130102120 % change 2002-07312920 % change 2007-12103020 Source: Mintel Appendix 9: Number of times consumers eat breakfast per week, January 2007 Base: 2,159 adults aged 18+ who eat breakfast Source: Putting Breakfast First Survey Breakfast Cereal Information Service. January 2007 Appendix 10: Product eaten at breakfast and frequency, December 2006 Base: 2,159 consumers who eat breakfast FruitBrown bread/toastWhite bread/toastCroissant/ other pastriesYogurtBowl of cereal Every day12771420 5 to 6 times444-213 3 to 4 times a week99101414 Once or twice a week (usually weekends)711125310 Once or twice a week (usually midweek)911113512 Once a fortnight778556 Once a month666955 Less often15191725159 Never302425495512 Don’t know111231 Source: Putting Breakfast First Survey Breakfast Cereal Information Service. January 2007 Appendix 11: Consumption of cold breakfast cereals in the last 12 months, 2003-07 2003200520072005-07 %%%% point change All users8786. 287. 2+1. 0 Heavy users6. 97. 36. 8-0. 5 Medium users38. 538. 439. 3+0. 9 Light users40. 439. 440+0. 6 Non-users1313. 812. 8-0. 2 Base: adults aged 15+ Heavy users – more than once a day; Medium users – once a day Light users – 2/3 times a week or less Taken from the TGI survey of around 25,000 adults Source: GB TGI, BMRB Autumn 2003, Q4 2005 2007/Mintel Consumption of hot breakfast cereals in the last 12 months, 2003-07 2003200520072005-07 %%%% point change All users42. 645. 750. 34. 6 Heavy users5. 66. 88. 41. 6 Medium users7. 28. 310. 82. 5 Light users27. 328. 329. 51. 2 Non-users57. 454. 49. 7-4. 6 Base: adults aged 15+ Heavy users – once a day or more; Medium users – 2/3 times a week Light users – once a week or less Taken from the TGI survey of around 25,000 adults Source: GB TGI, BMRB Autumn 2003, Q4 2005 2007/Mintel Appendix 12: Signpost: Appendix 13: Value share of sub-sections of the RTE breakfast cereal market, 2007 Cereal? m%Brand examplesG rowing or declining Kids501. 942Coco Pops, Rice Crispies, Sugar Puffs, Mega Munchers, Fruit LoopsGrowing Naturally good346. 629Jordan’s, Dorset, Alpen, Special KGrowing Favorites239. 020Cornflakes, Crunchy NutGrowing Reduced fat/calorie/sugar95. 68Health Living, Reduced Sugar, Reduced SaltDeclining Organic free from12. 01Jordan’s Organic, Doves FarmGrowing * For sector definitions please see appendix Source: Mintel Appendix 14: Seasonal changes: Source: Nielsen Media Research/Mintel Appendix 15: UK retail distribution of breakfast cereal, 2003-07 200320052007 (est)% change% change ?m%? m%? m%2003-052005-07 Grocery multiples1,039931,094941,203945. 310. 0 Convenience404393383-2. 5-1. 5 Independent/others*383363383-5. 36. 7 Total1,1171001,1691001,2801004. 79. 5 * includes health food discount stores Source: Mintel Appendix 16: Opportunities and threats in the competing markets, 2002-06 Market size (2006) % change 02-06Major inhibitorsMajor driversStrategies for growth Fresh fruit ?3,796m +20. 2% Highly competitive market Loss leading itemsThe 5 a day message – This government sponsored guideline is heavily promoted and actively taught in schools. The obesity epidemic a greater focus on health which is leading to increased consumption of fruit and vegetables. Increasign wealth and familiarity with fruits means that consumers are more open to trying new options. Conveniently packaged products that can fetch a higher price. Organic fruit Fair-trade products (particularly bananas) Expansion into premium and rare/exotic varieties The introduction of locally sourced options Superfoods and eating for health Yogurt ?1,397m +28. 6%Pressure on prices Mixed messages and confusing health claimThe rise of healthy indulgence Popularity of functional products Rising levels of obesity Demand for natural products Consumers self diagnosing minor digestive health complaintsOrganic products at competitive prices More premium cream based products perfect for indulgence. Free from range expanding, products catering for different health needs. Child targeted products that please both parent and child. Bread ?2115m +10. 3Rising raw material prices Growing fear of the white bread Awareness of complex carbs Home Baking resurgence Decline in heavy usageHealth eating trends more opportunities for high value breads Rise of the foodie The health movement particularly the turn away from white breadHigh value artesian style breads. Super food breads with toppings including nuts and seeds Smaller more convenient loafs White breads with the goodness of brown Cereal bars ?270 56%The number of consumers prepared to purchase Relative price to breakfast cereals Healthy eating trends Time poor cash rich consumer The resurgence of breakfast from a health perspective The trend towards healthy yet natural products. Large number of market players, who are prepared to innovate Good healthy snack alternativeNatural and free from options Indulgent options that can be eaten as a necessity and a treat. Mixed selection packs. Super food and functional food versions. Source: mintel Appendix 17: Price per Kilo of RTE Brands from Selected Supermarkets, January 2008 Source: Storechecks/Mintel Price per Kilo of Hot-Cereal Brands from Selected Supermarkets, January 2008 Source: Storechecks/Mintel Appendix 18: Main monitored media spend, by advertiser, 2003-07 ?m20032004200520062007* ?m? m? m? m? m Kelloggs34. 343. 849. 252. 554. 6 Nestle18. 720. 619. 821. 224. 5 Weetabix8. 04. 19. 311. 910. 9 Jordans0. 50. 71. 11. 81. 7 Quakers1. 71. 70. 11. 70. 4 * Jan-November 2007 Source: Nielsen Media Research/Mintel Appendix 19: Map of manufacturers and brands in the breakfast cereals market, 2008 Kellogg’sCrunchy OatbakesCountry Store All-BranHoney Loops Bran FlakesJust Right Coco PopsLuxury Muesli CornflakesRicicles Crunchy NutStart FrostiesRice Crispies Fruit ‘n FibreSpecial K OptivitaWheats Cereal Partners UK (Nestle)CheeriosFitnesse Oat CheeriosAlmond Oats Shredded WheatNesquik ClustersOats More Golden NuggetsForce Flakes Cinnamon Cookie Crisp Shreddies WeetabixWeetabixOatibix WeetaflakesWeetos Alpen CerealsStars Crunchy BranOatiflakes Ready Brek Source: Mintel Appendix 20: The Weetabix Food Company Timeline 1932 Weetabix founded by two South Africans who introduced the Weetabix breakfast products to the UK 1936 Weetabix Limited was incorporated by, among others, the George family 1967 Weetabix entered the Canadian market 968 Weetabix entered the US market 1971 Alpen Muesli launched 1991 Ready Brek, acquired from Lyons Tetley 2002 Alpen bars launched 2004 Seriously Oaty launched 2005 Weetaflakes launched 2006 Alpen Light bars launched 2006 Oatibix launched 2007 Oatiflakes launched 2007 Alpen Luxury range launched 2007 Alpen Groove bars launched Source: weetabix Ltd. 2008. Appendix 21: The top-selling breakfast cereals in the UK, by estimated brand shares, 2006-07. Source: Mintel 200620072006-07 ?m%? m%% change Weetabix95. 48102. 587. 4 Special K90. 5799. 489. 8 Corn Flakes66. 565. 65-0. 6 Crunchy Nut Cornflakes57. 4564. 6512. 5 Coco Pops39. 9343. 037. 8 Rice Krispies35. 0343. 0322. 9 Shreddies34. 0333. 83-0. 6 Oatso Simple28. 2232. 8316. 3 Cheerios28. 2231. 029. 9 Frosties27. 3229. 728. 8 Shredded Wheat27. 0226. 62-1. 5 All Bran Bran Flakes 27. 3225. 62-6. 2 Fruit and Fibre22. 4220. 52-8. 5 Sugar Puffs20. 4219. 52-4. 4 Kelloggs Variety16. 6118. 4110. 8 Weetabix Minis17. 5116. 01-8. 6 Shreaded Wheat Bitesize14. 6116. 4112. 3 Country Crisp14. 0113. 01-7. 1 Alpen13. 6113. 31-2. 2 Crunchy Nut Clusters11. 7113. 3113. 7 Own Label237. 620243. 0202. 3 Others292. 24310. 0246. 2 Total1,2161001,2801005. 3 Appendix 22: Key developments in the Kellogg’s portfolio, 2007 BrandNew product developmentDriver/Motivation Special KSpecial K Bliss, Special K Susta in, Special K Oats Honey Drop a Jean Size ChallengeMore variation of health options to keep the consumer engaged in the brand A promotion designed to increase frequency of purchase. Special K range Mini BreaksGuilt-free snack designed as a healthy alternative to crisps Coco PopsMega Munchers, Crunchy Curls, Creations, Moons and StarsEngage children in Coco Pops despite limited advertising. CornflakesHint of Honey, Cornflakes MultigrainA more demanding health conscious audience Fruit and FibreRelaunchedA more demanding health conscious audience Source: Mintel Reference: Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15 Appendix 16 Appendix 17 Appendix 18 Appendix 19 Appendix 20 Appendix 21 Appendix 22 Breakfast cereals in UK, Mintel Report (2008) http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=227674/list/id=227674=NSItem=News=1/displ y/id=233120=233120 [accessed on 1/03/2008] 24. 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