Three Gorges Dam- Tourism Venue and Creation and Loss of Jobs Research Paper

Three Gorges Dam- Tourism Venue and Creation and Loss of Jobs - Research Paper Example The business opportunities will provide a platform through which many people can establish some businesses in the area. For example, as tourists come to visit the site, it is apparent that they would require having some hotels and restaurants around and within the location. In this regard, people will venture into the hotel business thus creating jobs to many people. In order to have tourism facilitate effectively, there is need to have tourist operators who will organize and take tourists to the site. This way, many people will have an opportunity to work in these tour companies (Jim Para. 6). However, in the effort to relocate towns and people living around this area, it means that many people will loose their agricultural land and this could lead to lose of livelihood to these people (Yardley Para 50). People who relied on agriculture as their economic activity will loose it. It is apparent that the towns that will be relocated will lead to lose of jobs to many people. In these towns, many businesses will be destabilized and this leads to lose of jobs to both the owners and people employed to work in those businesses. After completion of the three Georges dam project, visitors will be able to see a wonder in the Yangtze River where a calm lake sits among the steep gorges. Many scenic spots which could not have been entered are now reachable. For example, in Fangyang River, the branch of Madu River, a new site of small gorges comes into view (Agencies Para. 3). The white Emperor city, which was originally hidden in the thick forest before, becomes an attractive island standing in the center of the River. This big scenery will attract more visitors to explore three Gorges (Backenheimer Para. 1). Since tourist will require having access to the site, it therefore means that they need to have means of transport to the area. In this regard, the construction of three Georges dam will largely improve the

Definition of the Feel Good Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of the Feel Good Company - Essay Example Feel Good addresses the need for variety and flexibility. The Company has been performing well because it has sold a million bottles of its products every month in the year 2007. This kind of performance is relatively good indicating that the company's market share is on a steady rise. The market for soft drinks is cross generational and surpasses most age groups. However more emphasis is placed on the younger generation because they are the ones who are keen on new products and easily embrace emerging trends. (Jefkins, 1994) The company offers a range of chilled juices and fizzled drinks. The market is segmented into groups of people who take their meals at different times of the day. There are the lunchbox and breakfast markets. The Company's main competitors are the well established names in the fizzled drinks sector. These are companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi. This means that the company has to compete against the strong brand image that Coca Cola has established. This company is also characterised by strong captivating advertisements and promotions. Pepsi is also acclaimed for its reputable brand image. Feel Good Drinks also has to compete against other companies that produce chilled juices. These include Tropicana and Minute companies. Some of the brands which Feel Good has introduced that compete against the latter mentioned companies include Tangerine, Mandarin and Apple; Golden Kiwi and Lime. Key marketing objectives that need to be addressed Establishing a strong brand image for Feel Good Company-the Company is competing against a number of well established companies and needs to impact consumers with a captivating image. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) Making the products offered stand out- Customers need to be able to identify the company with something unique. There are a number of drinks in the market and Feel Good needs to inform customers that it is the best choice using its marketing tools. Ensure that the products offered by the company make the customers feel good after purchasing the item-this is the main reason that will maintain a steady flow o customers because they will not regret the choice they have made to purchase the item. Marketing communications strategy Evaluation of marketing communication tools The first alternative that Feel good can use is the internet. The internet allows the company to have a geographically wider market thus enabling the products to reach a wider audience. This communications tool has a low cost set up due to its low barrier in the entry to the products market. (Masaki and Helsen, 2004) Another element is personal selling; this marketing communication tool could be used by the company to get its products in the market, pushing the consumers to the point of purchasing the products. Personal selling is a way of maintaining personal customer relations in which the sales person will be acting on behalf of the company, these person should be trained and should be having the personal selling techniques, though hiring them is expensive the company could use them because there is a genuine return on investments. Feel Good can also use exhibitions to make new contacts and renewing old contacts. This will be used to increase the awareness of products to the consumers thus

Agree or disagree with Hawking's quotation Essay

Agree or disagree with Hawking's quotation - Essay Example While the importance of talking throughout the history of mankind in general and in the contemporary age in particular cannot be overemphasized, the author is too optimistic and unrealistic about the results talking can produce. Talking can or cannot be effective depending upon the context, participants, topic, and means of communication. For example, the governments of Pakistan and India have conducted dialogues with each other several times, but have never been able to end their differences, and the rift between the two neighbor countries continues, to some extent, even to date. Many wars in the history have reached an end as a result of dialogue between the concerned countries. There is yet a long list of world events in which the dialogues among different countries did not produce any meaningful results. Therefore, it cannot be established that no matter what problem is at hand, all that needs to be done is talking for that. If the author’s argument is supposed to be based on reality, then it is obvious that he is not talking about just any kind of talking. It would take a lot of effective talking to reach a point in time when the wildest hopes and thoughts could be materialized into reality. Effective talking can be defined as the kind of talking that occurs at the right place, in the right environment, at the right time, between the right people, and upon the right subject. But this is an ideal situation which requires a range of events to take place many of which are beyond the control of human beings. Talking is not everything. For example, the first hurdle in the way of developing such a technology is reaching a unanimous decision on its creation because such a technology is likely to harm the world in more ways than benefit it. If anybody could do whatever he/she wanted, then this world would be a mess. There are fair chances that if, ever, such a matter is discussed, there would be so many

Definition of the Feel Good Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of the Feel Good Company - Essay Example Feel Good addresses the need for variety and flexibility. The Company has been performing well because it has sold a million bottles of its products every month in the year 2007. This kind of performance is relatively good indicating that the company's market share is on a steady rise. The market for soft drinks is cross generational and surpasses most age groups. However more emphasis is placed on the younger generation because they are the ones who are keen on new products and easily embrace emerging trends. (Jefkins, 1994) The company offers a range of chilled juices and fizzled drinks. The market is segmented into groups of people who take their meals at different times of the day. There are the lunchbox and breakfast markets. The Company's main competitors are the well established names in the fizzled drinks sector. These are companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi. This means that the company has to compete against the strong brand image that Coca Cola has established. This company is also characterised by strong captivating advertisements and promotions. Pepsi is also acclaimed for its reputable brand image. Feel Good Drinks also has to compete against other companies that produce chilled juices. These include Tropicana and Minute companies. Some of the brands which Feel Good has introduced that compete against the latter mentioned companies include Tangerine, Mandarin and Apple; Golden Kiwi and Lime. Key marketing objectives that need to be addressed Establishing a strong brand image for Feel Good Company-the Company is competing against a number of well established companies and needs to impact consumers with a captivating image. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) Making the products offered stand out- Customers need to be able to identify the company with something unique. There are a number of drinks in the market and Feel Good needs to inform customers that it is the best choice using its marketing tools. Ensure that the products offered by the company make the customers feel good after purchasing the item-this is the main reason that will maintain a steady flow o customers because they will not regret the choice they have made to purchase the item. Marketing communications strategy Evaluation of marketing communication tools The first alternative that Feel good can use is the internet. The internet allows the company to have a geographically wider market thus enabling the products to reach a wider audience. This communications tool has a low cost set up due to its low barrier in the entry to the products market. (Masaki and Helsen, 2004) Another element is personal selling; this marketing communication tool could be used by the company to get its products in the market, pushing the consumers to the point of purchasing the products. Personal selling is a way of maintaining personal customer relations in which the sales person will be acting on behalf of the company, these person should be trained and should be having the personal selling techniques, though hiring them is expensive the company could use them because there is a genuine return on investments. Feel Good can also use exhibitions to make new contacts and renewing old contacts. This will be used to increase the awareness of products to the consumers thus

How does modern technology affect socialization for worse Annotated Bibliography

How does modern technology affect socialization for worse - Annotated Bibliography Example This article is from the center for educational research and innovation looking for the impact that technology has in the society. The aim is to establish the attributes that affect the young learners based on the introduction of technology in schools. It understands that the best way of dealing with such attributes is by understanding that the policies in the educational sector require updating to keep students in the right frame of mind when dealing with schoolwork. This article is crucial in establishing whether the introduction of technology in school impacts kids negatively and how policies could assist in making the society better. The changes are examined while the emerging responses will be weighed to check on the impact this has on the society as a whole. The article approaches the aspect of technology evolution from both a positive and negative direction. The aim is to examine the main attributes that redefine the growing need for an understanding of the impact that technology has in the society. Many people assume that the innovations are all good, yet the demerits warrant some examination to shield the children from missing the benefits of socialization. The article will be a good addition to the topic of discussion because it will open up the need to examine what innovations do to the society and how the increasing need to compile this in the digital dictionaries is affecting the way children converse. It is becoming a common practice to find children using short codes such as lol for laughing out loud, and this can affect their conversations in the future or determine the new way they socialize. The author notes that the inclusion of technology in learning has been a viable and inexpensive solution to many of the developed countries. This means that more schools are adapting these mechanisms in their

Equipment and Books Essay Example for Free

Equipment and Books Essay Use of persons name Specific dedication for person to know why he being recognized Public display of all awards Follow-ups Timely Manner If motivation is properly handled, employees will always be happy and the organization will retain their staff for longer time periods. Educational workplaces require books and equipment such as computers, laboratory equipments, and agricultural equipments for all staff and students. If equipment is not adequate, the staff may be strained and this may cause unnecessary delays in lectures and work. Some workplaces may lack current books because of proper funding and this may pose a major challenge to the staff. Cultural Differences Educational workplaces often are filled with people from different cultures. Cultural beliefs influence human behaviors to a great extent and as cultures differ it often makes it difficult to design an environment that is conducive to performance and satisfaction. An example would be a colleague who believes that women should not expose their faces. This cultural diversity will often make it difficult for women to associate with individuals who may find difficulty in relating to them. Cultural differences influences the following in educational workplaces Mode of dressing Food served; some people eat snakes and frogs while to others don’t Associations in the institution Language used Team work In any workplace, teamwork poses challenges to many people. This is because of attitudes, values beliefs and behavior. Some individuals may have bad attitude which may affect the goal being sought after by the team, thus affecting other group members. Others may exhibit behaviors that one may not wish to associate with. In order to find compatibility, educational workplaces should have working teamwork members who encourage all individuals to associate with others without consideration of their culture. Team work may result in positive consequences for competing teams and these instances may follow: Team members becoming more close and displaying greater loyalty from its members and some members who are close in rank may bury some of their internal differences. Team climate changes from informal, casual, playful and work and task oriented members as well, while concerns for member’s psychological needs decline while concern for task accomplishment is increased. Leadership patterns tend to change from more democratic toward more autocratic while the team becomes more willing to tolerate autocratic leadership Each team becomes more structured and organized Each team demands more loyalty and conformity from its members in order to be able to present a â€Å"solid front† What happens between competing team? Each team begins to see the other teams as the enemy, rather than merely a neutral object. Each team begins to experience distortions of perception and tends to perceive only the best outcomes while denying weakness and allows competing teams to perceive only negative assumptions of the other team members while denying their strengths, as each team is likely to develop a negative stereotype of the other such as saying, â€Å"They don’t play fair like we do. † Hostility toward the other team increases while interaction and communication with the other team decreases, thus it becomes easier to maintain negative stereotypes and more difficult to correct perceptual distortions. If the teams are forced into interaction, for example, or if they are forced to listen to representatives pleading their own and the other’s causes, in reference to some task that each team, they are likely to listen more closely to their own representative and not to listen to the representative of the another’s team member, except to find fault with his presentation, in other words, team members tend to listen only for that which supports their own position and stereotype. What happens to the winner? Winners retains their confidence and may become even more cohesive Winner tends to release more tension and become more casual and playful. Winner lean towards higher intra-groups and display more cooperation and concern for other member’s needs. Winners can become complacent and feel that winning has confirmed a positive stereotype and as the negative stereotypes of the â€Å"enemy† team, there is little basis for reevaluating perceptions or reexamining team operations, in order to learn how to improve them. What happens to the loser? If the situation permits some ambiguity in the decision (if judges have rendered it as a close game), there is a strong tendency for the loser to deny or distort the reality of losing and instead, the loser will find psychological escapes such as (the judges were biased) or (the judges did not really explain the rules of the game, clearly) or possibly they may think (if luck had not been against us at the one key point, we would have won,† and so on. If loss is accepted, the losing team tends to splinter and as unresolved conflicts come to surface, fights may breaks out. A losing team member is more tense and may be ready to work harder and may be desperate to find someone or something to blame their loss on. They may blame the team leader, the judges who decided against them or even the rules or the game. (The â€Å"lean and hungry† state). A losing member may look for inter-group cooperation, have little concern for other team member’s needs or huge concern for recouping, by working harder. A losing team member often learn a lot about themselves while working as a team, because positive and negative stereotypes of the other team are upset by their own loss, forcing a reevaluation of perceptions as a consequence and a losing member is more likely to reorganize their ideas and accept their loss more realistically. J. FUNDS In a workplace, funding a project that is viewed as personal is not easy. For example, funding research by one lecturer may be very difficult, although the outcome may benefit the institution and again, some projects may be very expensive and even the institution may not have the capacity to fund the project, therefore they may need external funding. Workplace funds may also be misused by staff members.

Variable Length Hash Algorithm Using RC6

Variable Length Hash Algorithm Using RC6 Hash_RC6 Variable Length Hash Algorithm using RC6 Kirti Aggarwal Dr. Harsh K. Verma ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a hash algorithm using RC6 that can generate hash value of variable length. Hash algorithms play major part in cryptographic security as these algorithms are used to check the integrity of the received message. It is possible to generate hash algorithm using symmetric block cipher. The main idea behind this is that if the symmetric block algorithm is secure then the generated hash function will also be secure [1]. As RC6 is secure against various linear and differential attacks algorithm presented here will also be secure against these attack. The algorithm presented here can have variable number of rounds to generate hash value. It can also have variable block size. Keywords:  Cryptography, Symmetric Encryption, Asymmetric Encryption, Data Integrity, Authentication, Confidentiality, Non-Repudiation, Access Control, Hash, RC6 INTRODUCTION Cryptography is the ability of keeping message secure form others while sending information between participants (Confidentiality). There are many cryptographic algorithms categorized as symmetric encryption algorithm and asymmetric encryption algorithm. Symmetric encryption algorithm is the one that use same shared key from encryption and decryption, while asymmetric algorithm is the one that use different keys from encryption and decryption. With the Confidentiality cryptography also provide other services known as data integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, access control etc. Data Integrity is assuring that data received is same as sent by the sender. Authentication is the ability to assure that communicating party is who that it claims to be. Non-Repudiation is the prevention against the denial by entities involved in the communication. Access Control is the prevention against the unauthorized use of resources [2]. Figure 1. Fundamental of Cryptography Hash Function A cryptographic hash function is any algorithm or subroutine that maps large data sets of variable length to smaller data sets of a fixed length. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, hash sums, checksums or simply hashes. Where h has fixed length. An (accidental or intentional) change to the data will (with very high probability) change the hash value. For a hash function to be considered secure, it must be computationally infeasible to find has a predefined hash value and similarly it must be computationally infeasible to find two messages having same hash value. RC6 RC6 is a symmetric block cipher based on RC5 and designed by Rivest, Sydney, and Yin for RSA security [3]. Like RC5, RC6 is a parameterized algorithm where the block size, the key size, and the number of rounds are variable; again, the upper limit on the key size is 2040 bits [4]. RC6 was designed to meet the requirements of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)competition. RC6 proper has ablock sizeof 128 bits and supportskey sizesof 128, 192 and 256 bits, but, like RC5. RC6 can be viewed as interweaving two parallel RC5 encryption processes. It uses an extra multiplication operation not present in RC5 in order to make the rotation dependent on every bit in a word. SHA-256 SHA-256 operates on eight 32-bit words. The message to be hashed is first padded with its length in such a way that the result is a multiple of 512 bits long, and then parsed into 512-bit message blocks M(1);M(2); : : :;M(N). The message blocks are processed one at a time: Beginning with a fixed initial hash value H(0), sequentially compute Where C is the SHA-256 compression function and + means word-wise mod 264 addition. H(N) is the hash of M [5]. SHA-512 SHA-512 is a variant of SHA-256 which operates on eight 64-bit words and block size of 1024 bits. It uses different shift amounts and additive constants, but its structure is otherwise virtually identical, differing only in the number of rounds, which are 80 for SHA-512[15]. HASH FUNCTION A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical transformation that takes a message of arbitrary length and computes a fixed length value also known as hash value, message digest, hash code, hash sum, checksum, etc. Where H is Hash Function, M is variable length message; H is fixed size hash value. Creating hash function is accomplished by iteration. Instead of using a hash function with variable-size input, a function with fixed size input is created and is used a necessary number of times. This fixed size input function is known as compression function. It compresses an n-bit string to create a m-bit string where n is normally greater than m. This scheme is referred to as an iterated cryptographic hash function [6]. These compression function fall into two categories: a function specially designed for the hash function or a symmetric block cipher [2]. Figure 2. Iterated Cryptographic hash Function Characteristics of one way Hash Function: Given M, it is easy to compute h. Given h, it is hard to compute M such that. Given M, it is hard to find another message, M’, such that The whole point of one way hash function is to provide a finger print of M that is unique. In some application one wayness is insufficient; we need an additional requirement called collision-resistance (It is hard to find two random messages, M and M’, such that [1]). Figure 3. Basic Hash Algorithm at sender and receiver Hash Function takes message and an initial value as an input and produces the hash value. The hash value is appended to the message at a time when the message is assumed or known to be correct. The receiver authenticates the message by generating the hash value with the same procedure and compares it with the hash value send by the sender. If both the value matches then the received message is same as it is send by the sender otherwise message has been tampered with. RC6 RC6 [7] is a fully parameterized family of encryption algorithms. A version of RC6 is more accurately specified as RC6-w r bwhere the word size is wbits, encryption consists of a nonnegative number of roundsr, andbdenotes the length of the encryption key in bytes. Since the AES submission is targeted atw= 32 andr= 20, we shall use RC6 as shorthand to refer to such versions. When any other value ofworris intended in the text, the parameter values will be specified as RC6-w r. Of particular relevance to the AES effort will be the versions of RC6 with 16-, 24-, and 32-byte keys [4]. Figure 4. RC6 Encryption For all variants, RC6-w r boperates on units of fourw-bit words using the following six basic operations. integer addition modulo integer subtraction modulo bitwise exclusive-or of w-bit words integer multiplication modulo Rotate to the left by the amount given by the least significant bits of Rotate A to the right, similarly parallel assignment Key Expansion Use two magic constants:- Where:- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(base of natural logarithm) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..() is the odd integer nearest to . INPUT byte key that is preloaded into word array denotes the no of rounds. OUTPUT w-bit round keys . ALGORITHM For do Encryption Four w-bit registers A, B, C, D contain the initial input plain-text as well as the output ciphertext at the end of encryption. The first byte of plaintext is placed in the least significant byte of A; the last byte of plaintext is placed into the most significant byte of D [6]. INPUT Plaintext stored in four w-bit input registers Number r of rounds w-bit round keys OUTPUT Ciphertext stored in ALGORITHM C = C + S[2r + 3] Decryption For decryption of cipher-text load these cipher text into registers A, B, C, D Algorithm uses integer subtraction modulo 2w and right rotation on registers for getting plain text. INPUT Ciphertext stored in four w-bit input registers Number r of rounds w-bit round keys OUTPUT Plaintext stored in ALGORITHM HASH FUNCTION USING RC6 RC6 is a uses 44 words of key material making it more complex to break. RC6 parameterized cipher; the block size can be grown in a straightforward manner to 256 bits and beyond.RC6 has maximum key size of 2040 bits, making the corresponding hash function very fast.20 rounds using RC6 will have all these features which make the hash more efficient and secure. It is possible to use a symmetric block cipher algorithm as a hash function. If the block algorithm is secure, then the one-way hash function will also be secure. One approach is to encrypt the message with the algorithm in CBC mode, a fixed key and an initial vector (IV), the last cipher text block is the hash value. Another more better approach uses the message block as the key, the previous hash value as the output. Here we will use second approach. Algorithm presented here has variable parameters i.e. different parameter value can be taken according to the need. Block size (b), Number of rounds (r), length of hash value (l) are the different variable parameters that are the inputs of the algorithm. The length of hash value (l) should be multiple of 256. First of all padding is done. Message is padded with zeros in a way such that the padded message length is multiple of the block size (b). Then initial vector is needed to generate the hash value. Initial Vector is a piece of data is needed to begin running an algorithm, and is not secret. There are two initial vectors in this algorithm which are used to generate initial hash value. To generate the initial hash value combination of v (size of hash value divided by 256) 256 bits values calculated as follows: After generating initial hash value from initial vectors the message (M) is divided into number of small chunks (n). The size of message chunks should be equal to block size b, after that RC6 key generation is applied on each message block to generate keys that will be used to encrypt the previous hash value to generate next hash value. Initial 256 bits v hash values are encrypted via RC6 using RC6 keys generated from first message block (M1). This is then encrypted again from the keys generated from second message block (M2) and so on until all the message blocks (n) are used. At last all the v final hash values of length 256 bit each are concatenated to generate the final hash value of length l. Number of rounds (r) is divided in to two parts, 3r/4 rounds are used to generate the RC6 keys from the message block and r/4 rounds are used to encrypt the previous hash value to generate next hash value. Figure 5 shows the procedure for hash value of size 512 bits. Figure 5. Hash Value Generation using RC6 PSEUDO CODE INPUT Message M, Number of rounds r, Block size b, Length of hash value l; OUTPUT Final hash value h; ALGORITHM Pad 0s (zeros) at the end of the message so the message length is multiple of b; Divide message into chunks of size b; Repeat step 7 to 21 Load Repeat step 10 to 12 Repeat step 13 to 16 Repeat step 20 Repeat step 22 to 33 Load Repeat step 26 to 30 for do Load Concatenate to get final hash value h PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS This algorithm was implemented using java in NetBeans IDE 7.0.1. Following results were obtained on Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 CPU M 370 @ 2.40 GHz 2.39 GHz 32 bit system with 4 GB of RAM running Windows 7 Ultimate. Algorithm presented in this paper is compared with SHA-256 and SHA-512 respectively. Comparison between algorithm presented here and SHA are done on the basis of throughput of the algorithms and time to produce hash value for files of different sizes. To be more accurate the program is executed ten times for each input file and the average of those results are reported here. Results in Figure 6 to Figure 9 and Table 1 for Hash using RC6 are obtained for r=64, b=512, l=256 and these results are compared with SHA-256 which has same value for these parameters. Figure 6. Throughput of RC6_HASH and SHA-256. Figure 7. Bar Graph of Hash value generation time of RC6_HASH and SHA-512 Figure 8. Line Graph of Hash generation time of HASH_RC6 (256) and SHA-256 Figure 9. Execution time saving caused by Hash_RC6 Table 1. Comparison of Hash_RC6 (256) SHA-256 on the basis of Execution Time of different type of Files. Figure 6 shows the throughput of RC6_HASH and SHA-256 the algorithms in KB/sec. Figure 7 shows the Bar Graph hash value generation time (in millisec) of both the algorithms for the file of different sizes (in KB). Figure 8 shows the Line-Graph of execution time according to their file size for each file using algorithms Hash_RC6 (256) and SHA-256. Line graph is more convenient to show that Hash_RC6 (256) performs faster than SHA-256. This Graph also shows that for the file of small size both the algorithms performs approximately same i.e. there is not much of the difference but when the file size increases Hash_RC6 (256) performs much better than the SHA-256. Bar chart in Figure 9 shows the execution time saving caused by Hash_RC6 in percentage in comparison with SHA-256 for different file sizes. It’s greater than 30% for almost all the file sizes and for some of the file sizes its approx 50% that is greater advancement. The average percent execution time saving by Hash_RC6 for hash value of 256 bits over SHA-256 is 40.26. We compare the execution time of each algorithm on different file types like text file, audio file video files, for this purpose we mainly used 10 files and recorded their hash value generation time in milliseconds for these algorithms. List of Input files and their size are given in Table 1. Results in Figure 10 to Figure 13 and Table 2 for Hash using RC6 are obtained for r=80,b=1024,l=512 and these results are compared with SHA-512 which has same value for these parameters. Figure 10. Throughput of RC6_HASH and SHA-512. Figure 11. Bar Graph of Hash value generation time of RC6_HASH and SHA-512 Figure 12. Line Graph of Hash Generation Time of HASH_RC6 (512) and SHA-512 Figure 13. Execution Time saving caused by Hash_RC6 Table 2. Comparison of Hash_RC6 (512) SHA-512 on the basis of Execution Time of different type of Files. Figure 10 shows the throughput of RC6_HASH and SHA-512 the algorithms in KB/sec. Figure 11 shows the Bar Graph of hash value generation time (in millisec) of both the algorithms for the file of different sizes (in KB). Figure 12 shows the Line-Graph of execution time according to their file size for each file using algorithms Hash_RC6 (512) and SHA-512. Line graph is more convenient to show that Hash_RC6 (512) performs faster than SHA-512. This Graph also shows that the difference is not so much for file of small size but when it comes to file of larger size Hash_RC6 (512) is much better than the SHA-512. Bar chart in Figure 13 shows the execution time saving caused by Hash_RC6 (512) in percentage in comparison with SHA-512 for different file sizes. It’s greater than 15% for almost all the file sizes and for some of the file sizes its approx 35% that is greater advancement. The average percent execution time saving by Hash_RC6 for hash value of 512 bits over SHA-512 is 24.625. We compare the execution time of each algorithm on different file types like text file, audio file video files, for this purpose we mainly used 10 files and recorded their hash value generation time in milliseconds for these algorithms. List of Input files and their size are given in Table 2. CONCLUSION In this research paper a new algorithm for generating hash value is presented. This algorithm is generated on a symmetric block cipher known as RC6 and can generate hash value of different sizes. The algorithm can also operate on different block size and different number of rounds. The implementation of algorithm is done using JAVA in NetBeans IDE 7.0.1. on Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 CPU M 370 @ 2.40 GHz 2.39 GHz 32 bit system with 4 GB of RAM running Windows 7 Ultimate. Hash value generated using algorithm presented here are secure against many attack because when a hash algorithm is generated using symmetric block cipher it inherit the properties of underlying cipher. The idea behind this is that if the symmetric block algorithm is secure then the generated hash function will also be secure [1]. Then the algorithm is compared with SHA-256 and SHA-512 for same parameter and on the same environment. The results of comparison conclude that the algorithm present here has better throughput